A Countermeasure Strategy against Peramine Developed by Chilesia rudis in the Endophyte–Ryegrass–Herbivore Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Larval Rearing
2.3. Evaluation, Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Fungus in Lolium perenne
2.4. No-Choice Assay
2.5. Pupal Development Time and Adult Performance Evaluation
2.6. Carcasses, Feces and Guts Peramine Extraction
2.7. Plant Material Extraction
2.8. HPLC-DAD Analysis
2.9. Survival Rate Test
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation, Isolation and Characterization of Endophytic Fungus in Lolium perenne
3.2. No-Choice Assay
3.3. Pupal Development Time and Adult Performance Evaluation and HPLC-DAD Analysis
3.4. Survival Rate Test
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Line Experimental | N° of Plants Tested | (E+) | (E−) | Endophyte (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
L161 | 120 | 120 | 0 | 100 *a |
L162 | 120 | 89 | 31 | 74 *d |
L163 | 120 | 12 | 108 | 10 *e |
L164 | 120 | 110 | 10 | 91.6 *b |
L165 | 120 | 100 | 20 | 83.3 *c |
L166 | 120 | 110 | 10 | 91.6 *b |
L167 | 120 | 13 | 107 | 11 *e |
JUMBO (E−) | 120 | 0 | 120 | 0 *f |
ALTO AR1 (E+) | 120 | 120 | 0 | 100 *a |
PCR (Tub2 Intron) | ||
---|---|---|
Experimental Lines or Commercial Cultivars | IS-RS-5′; IS-NS3′ | IS-tub2w-5′; IS-tub2w-3′ |
L161 | + | + |
L162 | + | + |
L163 | + | + |
L164 | + | + |
L165 | + | + |
L166 | + | + |
L167 | + | + |
JUMBO (E−) | − | − |
ALTO AR1 (E+) | + | + |
Experimental lines and Cultivars | Peramine in Leaves (µg/g) | Pupal Development Time (days) | Length (cm) | Weight (g) | Wing Length ♀ (cm) | Wing Length ♂ (cm) | Peramine in Carcasses (µg/g) | Peramine in Feces (µg/g) | Peramine in Guts (µg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L161 | 179.3 ± 24.5 a | 28 ± 1.1 a | 1.7 ± 0.1 e | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 0.17 ± 0.0 b | 0.63 ± 0.1 e | 12.1 ± 1.0 a | 31.7 ± 4.2 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 e |
L162 | 99.8 ± 17.3 d | 25 ± 1.2 b | 1.8 ± 0.1 d | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | 0.14 ± 0.0 d | 0.99 ± 0.1 c | 8.2 ± 0.9 c | 13.7 ± 2.7 d | 0.8 ± 0.1 c |
L163 | 15.2 ± 4.9 e | 24 ± 1.0 c | 2.9 ± 0.2 b | 0.7 ± 0.0 a | 0.13 ± 0.0 d | 1.32 ± 0.2 a | 1.6 ± 0.8 d | 1.1 ± 0.3 e | 0.0 ± 0.0 e |
L164 | 160.8 ± 39.9 b | 26 ± 2.1 b | 1.9 ± 0.2 d | 0.5 ± 0.0 b | 0.15 ± 0.0 c | 0.70 ± 0.1 d | 11.3 ± 2.1 a | 27.9 ± 4.2 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 d |
L165 | 127.0 ± 34.2 c | 25 ± 2.0 b | 2.4 ± 0.1 c | 0.6 ± 0.0 b | 0.16 ± 0.0 c | 1.19 ± 0.2 b | 9.5 ± 0.9 b | 19.7 ± 2.3 c | 1.5 ± 0.1 b |
L166 | 146.4 ± 21.2 c | 26 ± 1.5 b | 2.0 ± 0.1 d | 0.5 ± 0.1 b | 0.12 ± 0.0 e | 0.80 ± 0.1 d | 10.1 ± 0.1 b | 24.0 ± 2.1 b | 1.7 ± 0.1 a |
L167 | 17.1 ± 6.1 e | 24 ± 1.1 c | 3.1 ± 0.1 a | 0.8 ± 0.1 a | 0.15 ± 0.0 c | 1.20 ± 0.2 b | 2.2 ± 0.2 d | 1.1 ± 0.4 e | 0.0 ± 0.0 e |
JUMBO (E−) | 0.0 ± 0.0 f | 23 ± 1.4 c | 3.2 ± 0.3 a | 0.7 ± 0.1 a | 0.20 ± 0.0 a | 1.25 ± 0.2 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 e | 0.0 ± 0.0 f | 0.0 ± 0.0 e |
ALTO AR1 (E+) | 184.1 ± 29.8 a | 28 ± 1.2 a | 1.4 ± 0.1 f | 0.3 ± 0.0 c | 0.17 ± 0.0 b | 0.43 ± 0.1 f | 10.5 ± 1.1 a | 32.8 ± 4.4 a | 1.3 ± 0.1 b |
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Chacón-Fuentes, M.; Martínez-Cisterna, D.; Lizama, M.; Asencio-Cancino, V.; Matamala, I.; Bardehle, L. A Countermeasure Strategy against Peramine Developed by Chilesia rudis in the Endophyte–Ryegrass–Herbivore Model. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080512
Chacón-Fuentes M, Martínez-Cisterna D, Lizama M, Asencio-Cancino V, Matamala I, Bardehle L. A Countermeasure Strategy against Peramine Developed by Chilesia rudis in the Endophyte–Ryegrass–Herbivore Model. Journal of Fungi. 2024; 10(8):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080512
Chicago/Turabian StyleChacón-Fuentes, Manuel, Daniel Martínez-Cisterna, Marcelo Lizama, Valeria Asencio-Cancino, Ignacio Matamala, and Leonardo Bardehle. 2024. "A Countermeasure Strategy against Peramine Developed by Chilesia rudis in the Endophyte–Ryegrass–Herbivore Model" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 8: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080512