A New Overview of Sex Bias in Fungal Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sex Differences in Response to Fungal Infections That Cause Disease in Mammals and Invertebrates
2.1. Mice
2.2. Drosophila
2.3. Cats
2.4. Bats
3. Sex Differences in Responses to Fungal Infections That Cause Disease in Humans
3.1. C. neoformans
3.2. Tinea barbae and T. capitis
4. Sex Differences in Response to Disease-Associated Disruptions in the Mycobiome
4.1. Humans
4.2. Primates
4.3. Mosquitoes
5. Further Directions and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organism | Fungi | Sex-Specific Difference | n = Sample Size | Sex Bias Ratio * | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C57BL/6 Mice | Aspergillus fumigatus | Increased immune responses exhibited in females. | 6–7 mice/ group | 2:1 (F/M) | [16] |
C57BL/6 Mice | Candida albicans | Males are more susceptible to systemic infection than females. | 10 mice/ group | 1:6.1 (M/F) | [20] |
BALB/c Mice | Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | Males are more susceptible to infection than female mice. Gonadectomized female mice treated with testosterone showed increased susceptibility to infection. | 3 mice/ group | 2.55:1 (M/F) | [22] |
BALB/c Mice | Cryptococcus neoformans | Males have a significantly higher fungal burden in the spleen than female mice during chronic infection. | 4–5 mice/ group | 9:1 (M/F) | [19] |
Drosophila | Beauveria bassiana | Males are more likely to survive infection. | 500–600 flies/group | 1.1:1 (M/F) | [25] |
Drosophila | Metarhizium anisopliae | Males are more likely to survive infection. | 30 flies/ group | 1.1:1 (M/F) | [26] |
Drosophila | Candida albicans | Males are more susceptible to systemic challenge via intra-thoracic injection. | 20–30 flies/ group | 4:1 (M/F) | [27] |
Cats | Microsporum canis | Females are more likely to be infected. | 199 female and 74 male cats | 7:1.4 (F/M) | [30] |
Bats | Pseudogymnoascus destructans | Females are less likely to be recaptured due to death. | 665 female and 1071 male bats | 0.7:1 (F/M) | [37] |
Humans | Cryptococcus neoformans | Males have lower CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell percentages after infection. | 21 males and 19 females | 2.1:1 (M/F) | [56] |
Cryptococcus neoformans | Increased phagocytosis observed after treatment with 5 mg diethylstilbestrol. | 6 males and 3 females | 2:1 (M/F) | [48] | |
Humans | Paracoccidioides brasiliensis | Males are more susceptible to infection. | 492 males and 92 females | 5.3:1 (M/F) | [54] |
Humans | Tinea barbae | Males are disproportionately affected in number. | 6 males and 1 female | 6:1 (M/F) | [58] |
Humans | Tinea capitis | Females are disproportionately affected in number. | 9 females and 6 males | 1.5:1 (F/M) | [58] |
Humans | Tinea capitis | Male children aged 4–6 years comprise 43.3% of infections. | 45 males and 42 females | 1.09:1 (M/F) | [75] |
Human (Mycobiome) | Candida albicans (Ca) | Levels were elevated in the male mycobiome of those exhibiting symptoms of schizophrenia. | 165 Ca+ males and 219 Ca− males | 1.3:1 | [67] |
Human (Mycobiome) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) | Males with recent-onset schizophrenia had elevated levels of IgG antibodies to Sc. | 51 males and 16 females | 3.2:1 (M/F) | [68] |
Human (Mycobiome) | Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) | Females with non-recent-onset schizophrenia had elevated levels of IgG antibodies to Sc. | 79 females and 114 males | 1.4:1 (F/M) | [68] |
Tibetan Macaques | Family: Mycosphaerellaceae; Genus: Devriesia | Females demonstrate significant enrichment of these taxa in the gut microbiota. | 18 females and 13 males | NA | [70] |
Tibetan Macaques | Phylum: Ascomycota; Family: Tetraplosphaeriaceae | Males demonstrate significant enrichment of these taxa in the gut microbiota. | 18 females and 13 males | NA | [70] |
Aedes aegypti | Zancudomyces culisetae (Zc) | Males demonstrate higher levels of the Burkholderiaceae family of bacteria in the gut microbiota than females when both sexes are exposed to this fungus during the larval stage. | 12 male mosquitoes and 31 female mosquitoes | 9:1 | [71,72] |
Aedes albopictus | Aureobasidium genus | This genus is more enriched in the mycobiota post feeding in females at the 4 h mark. | 150 male and female mosquitoes/group | 10:1 (F/M) | [73] |
Aedes albopictus | Aureobasidium genus | This genus is more enriched in the mycobiota post feeding in males at the 10 h mark. | 150 male and female mosquitoes/group | 3:1 (M/F) | [73] |
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Rao, H.H.; McClelland, E.E. A New Overview of Sex Bias in Fungal Infections. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090607
Rao HH, McClelland EE. A New Overview of Sex Bias in Fungal Infections. Journal of Fungi. 2024; 10(9):607. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090607
Chicago/Turabian StyleRao, Hari H., and Erin E. McClelland. 2024. "A New Overview of Sex Bias in Fungal Infections" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 9: 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090607