A Review of Laboratory Requirements to Culture Lichen Mycobiont Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Overview of Mycobiont Cultures
4. Mycobiont Isolation
5. Isolation Media
6. Culture Media
7. Physicochemical Conditions for Culture of Mycobionts
8. Secondary Metabolites Production of Mycobiont Cultures
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Species | Class/Order | Family | Mycobiont Isolation | Isolation Media | Culture Media | Physicchemical Parameters | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Acarospora contigua H. Magn. | Lecanoromycetes/Acarosporales | Acarosporaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] + |
2 | Acarospora socialis H. Magn. | Lecano-romycetes/Acarosporales | Acarosporaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
3 | Acarospora strigata (Nyl.) Jatta | Lecanoromycetes/Acarosporales | Acarosporaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
4 | Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Flot. | Lecanoromycetes/Caliciales | Physciaceae | Ascospore | BBM, BBM 1% glucose | BBM 2% glucose, LBM 3% glucose, MY0.2% glucose, CMA | 18–20 °C in dark | [61] + |
Ascospore | Agar | MY | 18 °C in dark | [54] * | ||||
5 | Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | BBM | MY 2% glucose, BBM 2% glucose, LBM 3% glusose, CMA | 20 °C in dark | [77] |
Ascospore Thallus fragment | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
6 | Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr. | Arthoniomycetes/Arthoniales | Arthoniaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15,20, 25 °C in dark | [58] |
7 | Astrothelium galbineum Kremp. | Dothideomycetes/Trypetheliales | Trypetheliaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
8 | Buellia sp. | Lecanoromycetes/Caliciales | Caliciaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
9 | Buellia stellulata (Taylor) Mudd | Lecanoromycetes/Caliciales | Caliciaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | DNR | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6, 7 | [58] |
Ascospore | MY 4% sucrose | MY, MY10, MY 20, MY 30 EG1.8, EG3.6, EG5.4 MYA3, MYA5 N1, N3, N5 | 18 °C in dark, pH 6.8, RH: 50–70% k | [84] | ||||
10 | Circinaria contorta (Hoffm.) A. Nordin, Savić & Tibell | Lecanoromycetes/Pertusariales | Megasporaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | MBB, BBM, LBM, Agar | DNR | 14, 22, 28 °C in dark | [53] + |
11 | Cladonia cristatella Tuck. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
12 | Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Soredia | DNR | MY, BBM/SAB/TOM 1% glucose, 1% manitol, 1% ribitol | 16.5 °C; Photoperiod: 12 h/12 h, Light intensity: 18 μmol photons m2 | [55] + |
Soredia | MBB, BBM, LB, Agar | DNR | 14, 22, 28 °C in dark | [53] | ||||
13 | Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
14 | Cladonia macilenta Hoffm | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Soredia | DNR | MBB, BBM, LB, Agar | 14, 22, 28 °C in dark | [53] |
15 | Cladonia metacorallifera Asahina | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Soredia | DNR | MBB, BBM, LB, Agar | 15 °C in dark, 150 rpm | [74] + |
16 | Cladonia peziziformis (With.) J.R. Laundon | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
17 | Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MYA | 20 °C in dark, 120 rpm | [85] + |
Ascospore Thallus fragment | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
18 | Cladonia rei Schaer. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Soredia | DNR | MY, BBM/SAB/TOM 1% glucose, 1% manitol, 1% ribitol | 16.5 °C; Photoperiod: 12 h/12 h, Light intensity: 18 μmol photons m2 s−1 | [55] |
19 | Cladonia submultiformis Asahina | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] * | ||||
20 | Dibaeis absoluta (Tuck.) Kalb & Gierl | Lecanoromycetes/Pertusariales | Icmadophilaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBG, MY | DNR | DNR | [58] |
21 | Diorygma soozanum (Zahlbr.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG | LBA | 15, 20 °C in dark | [58] |
22 | Diplotomma sp1 | Lecanoromycetes/Caliciales | Caliciaceae | Ascospore | BBM | LBM 4% glucose | 18–20 °C in dark | [86] |
23 | Diplotomma sp2 | Lecanoromycetes/Caliciales | Caliciaceae | Ascospore | BBM | LBM 4% glucose | 18–20 °C in dark | [86] |
24 | Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi | Lecanoromycetes/Caliciales | Caliciaceae | Soredia | MY | MY 4% sucrose, MBBM 4% sucrose, MS 4% sucrose | 22–28 °C, Photoperiod: 12 h/12 h, pH 6.6 Light intensity: 50–100 µE/m2s, RH: 70–80% | [67] |
Ascospore Thallus fragment | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
25 | Flavoparmelia exornata (Zahlbr.) Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | MY 4% sucrose | MY10 | 18–22 °C in dark | [87] |
26 | Graphis afzelii Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] | ||||
27 | Graphis cervina Müll. Arg. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6, 7, 8 | [58] |
28 | Graphis cognata Müll. Arg. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
29 | Graphis elegans (Borrer ex Sm.) Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] | ||||
30 | Graphis librata C. Knight | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] | ||||
31 | Graphis handelii Zahlbr. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] | ||||
32 | Graphis prunicola Vain. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
33 | Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] | ||||
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
34 | Graphis sp | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
35 | Graphis tenella Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | DNR | [58] | ||||
36 | Gymnoderma insulare Yoshim. & Sharp | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Ascospore | Agar | DNR | DNR | [58] |
37 | Haematomma puniceum (Ach.) A. Massal. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Haematommataceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] | ||||
38 | Heterodea muelleri (Hampe) Nyl. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Cladoniaceae | Ascospore | Saboureaud 2% glucose | Saboureaud 2% glucose | Photoperiod: 12 h/27 °C, L:12 h/24 °C, D, Light intensity 50–100 μmol m−2 s−1 | [88] + |
39 | Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark | [58] |
40 | Ionaspis alba Lutzoni | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Hymeneliaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
41 | Lecanora cinereofusca H. Magn. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18° C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
42 | Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18° C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18° C in dark | [54] | ||||
43 | Lecanora megalocheila (Hue) H. Miyaw. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG | DNR | DNR | [58] |
44 | Lecanora mikuraensis H. Miyaw. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18° C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
45 | Lecanora nipponica H. Miyaw. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18° C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
46 | Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.) Rabenh. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] | ||||
47 | Lecanora rupícola (L.) Zahlbr. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Thallus fragment | LBM 4% glucose | MS, LBM, Saboureaud 2% glucose, MY | 20° C, Photoperiod: 14 h/10 h | [68] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
48 | Lecanora subimmergens Vain. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6, 7 | [58] |
49 | Lecidea sp. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecideales | Lecideaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark | [58] |
50 | Lecidella elaeocroma (Ach.) M. Choisy | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
51 | Leiorreuma sericeum (Eschw.) Staiger | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20° C | [83] |
52 | Letharia columbiana (Nutt.) J.W. Thomson | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | LBG | DNR | DNR | [58] |
53 | Lobaria adscripturiens (Nyl.) Hue | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Lobariaceae | Ascospore | LBA | DNR | DNR | [58] |
54 | Lobaria oregana (Tuck.) Müll. Arg. | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Lobariaceae | Ascospore | Cornmeal agar + BSA -Cornmeal agar + cyclodextrin -Agar + cyclodextrin + sucrose -Water agar + cyclodextrin + dextrose -Water agar + cyclodextrin + ribitol | DNR | DNR | [59] |
55 | Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Lobariaceae | Ascospore | Cornmeal agar + BSA -Cornmeal agar + cyclodextrin -Agar + cyclodextrin + sucrose -Agar + cyclodextrin + dextrose -Agar + cyclodextrin + ribitol | DNR | DNR | [59] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
56 | Loxospora ochrophaea (Tuck.) R.C. Harris | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Sarrameanaceae | Ascospore | Agar, MY | LBA | DNR | [58] |
57 | Megalospora tuberculosa (Fée) Sipman | Lecanoromycetes/Teloschistales | Megalosporaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, MY | DNR | pH 5, 6, 8 in dark | [58] |
58 | Myelochroa entotheiochroa (Hue) Elix & Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6 | [58] |
59 | Nephroma helveticum Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Nephromataceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA | DNR | DNR | [58] |
60 | Nephroma tropicum (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Nephromataceae | Ascospore | Agar | DNR | DNR | [58] |
61 | Ochrolechia parellula (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. | Lecanoromycetes/Pertusariales | Ochrolechiaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 6, 7 | [58] |
62 | Parmelia laevior Nyl. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6 | [58] |
63 | Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | BBM | MY 2% glucose, BBM 2% glucose, LBM 3% glusose, CMA | 20 °C in dark | [77] |
Ascospore | BBM | LBM 4% glucose | 18–20 °C in dark | [86] | ||||
Ascospore Thallus fragment | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
64 | Parmelia sulcata Taylor | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Soredia Thallus fragment | MBB, BBM, LB, Agar | DNR | 14, 22, 28 °C in dark | [53] |
65 | Parmelina carporrhizans (Taylor) Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | BBM | LBM 3% glusose, MY 0.2% glucose, CMA | 20 °C in dark | [89] + |
66 | Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | BBM | LBM 3% glusose, MY 0.2% glucose, CMA | 20 °C in dark | [89] |
67 | Parmelina tiliácea (Hoffm.) Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | BBM | MY 2% glucose, BBM 2% glucose, LBM 3% glucose, CMF | 20 °C in dark | [77] |
68 | Parmotrema eciliatum (Nyl.) Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | MY 4% sucrose | MY10 | 18–22 °C in dark | [87] |
69 | Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) M. Choisy | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Thallus fragment | DNR | MY, BBM, MY10, LB | 23 °C in continuous light | |
70 | Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Peltigeraceae | Ascospore | XAD2 | DNR | DNR | [58] |
71 | Peltigera dactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Peltigeraceae | Soredia | DNR | Sterile soil | 19 °C, Photoperiod: 14 h/10 h, Light intensity 15–22 W/m2 (60–90 µE/m2s, 500–750 Lx), RH 50–60%, | [90] |
Thallus fragment | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
72 | Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Peltigeraceae | Ascospore | Agar | DNR | DNR- | [58] |
72 | Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. | Lecanoromycetes/Peltigerales | Peltigeraceae | Ascospore | XAD2 | DNR | DNR | [58] |
74 | Phaeographis elliptica Müll. Arg. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
75 | Phaeographina quassiicola (Fée) Müll. Arg. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] | ||||
76 | Physconia distorta (With.) J.R. Laundon | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Physciaceae | Ascospore | DNR | LBM 4% glucose | 18 °C, pH 5.3 | [82] |
Ascospore | BBM | LBM 4% glucose | 18–20 °C in dark | [86] | ||||
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
77 | Platismatia glauca (L.) WL Culb. & CF Culb. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | BBM | MY 2% glucose, BBM 2% glucose, LBM 3% glucose, CMF | 20 °C in dark | [77] |
Thallus fragment | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
78 | Platygramme sp. | Lecanoromycetes/Ostropales | Graphidaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
79 | Polymeridium subcinereum (Nyl.) R.C. Harris | Dothideomycetes/Trypetheliales | Trypetheliaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
80 | Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph | Lecanoromycetes/Lecideales | Lecideaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | pH 5, 6, 7; 15, 20, 25 °C in dark | [58] |
81 | Protoparmeliopsis muralis (Schreb.) M. Choisy | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Lecanoraceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | MBB, BBM, LB, Agar | DNR | 14, 22, 28 °C in dark | [53] |
82 | Pyrenula cruenta (Mont.) Vain. | Eurotiomycetes/Pyrenulales | Pyrenulaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
83 | Pyrenula japónica Kurok. | Eurotiomycetes/Pyrenulales | Pyrenulaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
84 | Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. Harris | Eurotiomycetes/Pyrenulales | Pyrenulaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
85 | Pyrenula pseudobufonia (Rehm) R.C. Harris | Eurotiomycetes/Pyrenulales | Pyrenulaceae | Ascospore | MY10 | DNR | 18 °C, pH 6.8 | [81] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
86 | Pyxine endochrysina Nyl. | Lecanoromycetes/Caliciales | Caliciaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6 | [58] |
87 | Ramalina crassa (Delise ex Nyl.) Motyka | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6, 7, 8 * | [58] |
88 | Ramalina celastri (Spreng.) A. Massal. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | BBM | LBM 4% glucose, MY, Sabouraud 4%glucose-agar | Photoperiod-Temperature: 12 h-24/12 h-27 °C | [68] |
Ascospore | Agar | MEYE medium | 23 °C, Photoperiod: Continuous light | [91] | ||||
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
89 | Ramalina complanata (Sw.) Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | BBM 2% Agar | LBM 4% glucose, MY, Saboureaud 4%glucose-agar | Photoperiod-Temperature: 12 h-24/12 h-27 °C | [68] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
90 | Ramalina dendriscoides Nyl. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | Saboureaud 2%glucose-agar, Saboureaud 4%glucose-agar, LBM 4% glucose, MY, MIX, MS, SSA | DNR | Photoperiod-Temperature: 12 h-24/12 h-27 °C | [68] |
91 | Ramalina dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore | Glucose agar, malt agar, MY, malt glucose agar, MY glucose agar | DNR | 15 °C, pH 7-8-9, 16 h/8 h, Light intensity: 13–14 µE/m2s | [75] + |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
92 | Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Thallus fragment | LBM + bark extract | LBM 4% sucrose, LBM 2% mannitol | 21 °C, pH 6, Photoperiod: 14 h:10 h, Light intensity: 200 µE/m2s, dessication periods | [72] + |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
93 | Ramalina gracilis (Pers.) Nyl. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | Saboureaud 2%glucose-agar, LBM 4% glucose, MY, MIX MS, SSA, MYSM | DNR | Photoperiod-Temperature: 12 h-24/12 h-27 °C | [68] |
94 | Ramalina peruviana Ach. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | BBM | LBM 4% glucose, MY | Photoperiod-Temperature: 12 h-24/12 h-27 °C | [68] |
95 | Ramalina sprengelii Krog & Swinscow | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Ramalinaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | BBM 2% Agar | DNR | Photoperiod-Temperature: 12 h-24/12 h-27 °C | [68] |
96 | Stereocaulon commixtum (Asahina) Asahina | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Stereocaulaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark, pH 5, 6, 7, 8 * | [58] |
97 | Stereocaulon sorediiferum Hue | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Stereocaulaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG, MY | LBA | 15, 20, 25 °C in dark | [58] |
98 | Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Norman ex Tuck. | Lecanoromycetes/Teloschistales | Teloschistaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MEYE | 23 °C, Photoperiod: Continuous light | [91] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
99 | Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) Zahlbr. | Dothideomycetes/Trypetheliales | Trypetheliaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
100 | Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng. | Dothideomycetes/Trypetheliales | Trypetheliaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
Ascospore | Agar | MYA | - | [60] | ||||
101 | Trypethelium virens Tuck. ex Michener | Dothideomycetes/Trypetheliales | Trypetheliaceae | Ascospore Tthallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
102 | Usnea complanata (Müll. Arg.) Motyka | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] |
Ascospore | MYA | MYA, PDA, CMA, Oatmeal, CDA | Room temperature | [60] | ||||
103 | Usnea ghattensis G. Awasthi | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Thallus fragment | MY, Saboureaud-Dextrosa-Agar | Agar, MY with diferentes amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources | 18 °C, Photoperiod: 8 h/16 h, Light intensity: 400 lux, RH: 80% | [73] |
Ascospore | BBM | MY 2% glucose, BBM 2% glucose, LBM 3% glusose, CMA | 20 °C in dark | [77] | ||||
104 | Usnea orientalis Motyka | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Thallus fragment | MY | MY 2% mannitol, MY 2% sorbitol | 18 °C, pH 5.8 | [78] |
105 | Usnea rubescens Stirt. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | Agar, LBA, LBG | DNR | - | [58] |
106 | Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Pers. | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore Thallus fragment | YES, MY, NMBBM, Oatmeal, Potato-Carrot | MY, NMBBM | 20 °C | [83] |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18° C in dark | [54] | ||||
107 | Xanthoparmelia tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet) Hale | Lecanoromycetes/Lecanorales | Parmeliaceae | Ascospore | BBM | MY 2% glucose, BBM 2% glucose, LBM 3% glucose, CMF | 20 °C in dark | [77] |
108 | Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th. Fr. | Lecanoromycetes/Teloschistales | Teloschistaceae | Thallus fragment | LBM, Saboureaud 2% glucose | MS, LBM, Saboureaud 2% glucose, MY | 20 °C, Photoperiod: 14 h/10 h | [71] + |
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
109 | Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. | Lecanoromycetes/Teloschistales | Teloschistaceae | Ascospore | LBM 2% sucrose | LBM 1–3% D-glucose, LBM 1–3% D-arabitol, LBM 1–3% D-ribitol, LBM 1–3% D-mannitol | 20 °C, Photoperiod: 14 h/10 h, Light intensity: 20 µmol/m2s, pH 6 | [76] + |
Ascospore | BBM | MY, LBM 4% glucose | DNR | [69] | ||||
Ascospore | BBM | LBM 4% glucose | 18–20 °C, in dark | [86] | ||||
Ascospore | Agar | MY, P. D. Crittenden & E. Oliver medium | 18 °C in dark | [54] | ||||
Ascospore Thallus fragment | MBB, BBM, LB, Agar | DNR | 14, 22, 28 °C in dark | [53] | ||||
110 | Xanthoria polycarpa(Hoffm.) Rieber | Lecanoromycetes/Teloschistales | Teloschistaceae | Ascospore | Agar, MY, Bark extract, lichen exract | DNR | 10, 15, 20 °C, pH 5, 6 | [56] |
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Rosabal, D.; Pino-Bodas, R. A Review of Laboratory Requirements to Culture Lichen Mycobiont Species. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090621
Rosabal D, Pino-Bodas R. A Review of Laboratory Requirements to Culture Lichen Mycobiont Species. Journal of Fungi. 2024; 10(9):621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090621
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosabal, Dania, and Raquel Pino-Bodas. 2024. "A Review of Laboratory Requirements to Culture Lichen Mycobiont Species" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 9: 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090621