Development and Applications of Prognostic Risk Models in the Management of Invasive Mold Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Risk Factors for Invasive Mold Disease
2.1. Underlying Malignancy and Status
2.2. Conditions Associated with Disease Treatment
2.3. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
2.4. Patient Comorbidities
2.5. Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors
3. Risk Models for Invasive Mold Disease
3.1. Neutropenia-Associated Risk Measured by the D-Index
3.2. A risk score for Predicting IMD in Lymphoma Patients Receiving Salvage Chemotherapy
3.3. A Risk Score for Predicting IMD Risk Post-Engraftment in Adult Allogeneic HSCT Recipients
3.4. Predicting Invasive Fungal Infection in Pediatric Allogeneic HSCT Recipients
3.5. Applying Comorbidity Index to Predict IMD after Allogeneic HSCT
3.6. Development of a Universal IMD Risk Model for Patients with Hematological Malignancies
4. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lamoth, F.; Calandra, T. Early diagnosis of invasive mould infections and disease. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2017, 72, i19–i28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pagano, L.; Akova, M.; Dimopoulos, G.; Herbrecht, R.; Drgona, L.; Blijlevens, N. Risk assessment and prognostic factors for mould-related diseases in immunocompromised patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2011, 66, i5–i14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Herbrecht, R.; Bories, P.; Moulin, J.-C.; Ledoux, M.-P.; Letscher-Bru, V. Risk stratification for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2012, 1272, 23–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pagano, L.; Busca, A.; Candoni, A.; Cattaneo, C.; Cesaro, S.; Fanci, R.; Nadali, G.; Potenza, L.; Russo, D.; Tumbarello, M.; et al. Risk stratification for invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies: SEIFEM recommendations. Blood Rev. 2016, 31, 17–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ostrosky-Zeichner, L.; Sable, C.; Sobel, J.; Alexander, B.D.; Donowitz, G.; Kan, V.; Kauffman, C.A.; Kett, D.; Larsen, R.A.; Morrison, V.; et al. Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2007, 26, 271–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ostrosky-Zeichner, L.; Shoham, S.; Vazquez, J.; Reboli, A.; Betts, R.; Barron, M.A.; Schuster, M.; Judson, M.A.; Revankar, S.G.; Caeiro, J.P.; et al. MSG-01: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of caspofungin prophylaxis followed by preemptive therapy for invasive candidiasis in high-risk adults in the critical care setting. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2014, 58, 1219–1226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- León, C.; Ruiz-Santana, S.; Saavedra, P.; Almirante, B.; Nolla-Salas, J.; Alvarez-Lerma, F.; Garnacho-Montero, J.; León, M.A.; EPCAN Study Group. A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 34, 730–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guillamet, C.V.; Vazquez, R.; Micek, S.T.; Ursu, O.; Kollef, M. Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for candidemia in hospitalized patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J. Crit. Care 2015, 30, 715–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moons, K.; Royston, P.; Vergouwe, Y.; Grobbee, D.E. Prognosis and prognostic research: What, why, and how? BMJ 2009, 338, 1317–1320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrell, F.E.; Lee, K.L.; Mark, D.B. Tutorial in biostatistics multivariable prognostic models: Issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat. Med. 1996, 15, 361–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cornely, O.A.; Koehler, P.; Arenz, D.; C Mellinghoff, S. EQUAL Aspergillosis Score 2018: An ECMM score derived from current guidelines to measure QUALity of the clinical management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses 2018, 61, 833–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ullmann, A.J.; Aguado, J.M.; Arikan-Akdagli, S.; Denning, D.W.; Groll, A.H.; Lagrou, K.; Lass-Flörl, C.; Lewis, R.E.; Munoz, P.; Verweij, P.E.; et al. Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: Executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2018, 24 (Suppl. 1), e1–e38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patterson, T.F.; Thompson, G.R., 3rd; Denning, D.W.; Fishman, J.A.; Hadley, S.; Herbrecht, R.; Kontoyiannis, D.P.; Marr, K.A.; Morrison, V.A.; Nguyen, M.H.; Segal, B.H.; et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2016, 63, e1–e60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ascioglu, S.; Rex, J.H.; de Pauw, B.; Bennett, J.E.; Bille, J.; Crokaert, F.; Denning, D.W.; Donnelly, J.P.; Edwards, J.E.; Erjavec, Z.; et al. Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: An international consensus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 34, 7–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stanzani, M.; Lewis, R.E.; Fiacchini, M.; Ricci, P.; Tumietto, F.; Viale, P.; Ambretti, S.; Baccarani, M.; Cavo, M.; Vianelli, N. A risk prediction score for invasive mold disease in patients with hematological malignancies. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e75531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caira, M.; Candoni, A.; Verga, L.; Busca, A.; Delia, M.; Nosari, A.; Caramatti, C.; Castagnola, C.; Cattaneo, C.; Fanci, R.; et al. Pre-chemotherapy risk factors for invasive fungal diseases: Prospective analysis of 1192 patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (SEIFEM 2010-a multicenter study). Haematologica 2015, 100, 284–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pagano, L.; Caira, M.; Candoni, A.; Offidani, M.; Fianchi, L.; Martino, B.; Pastore, D.; Picardi, M.; Bonini, A.; Chierichini, A.; et al. The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: The SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 2006, 91, 1068–1075. [Google Scholar]
- Pagano, L.; Girmenia, C.; Mele, L.; Ricci, P.; Tosti, M.E.; Nosari, A.; Buelli, M.; Picardi, M.; Allione, B.; Corvatta, L.; et al. Infections caused by filamentous fungi in patients with hematologic malignancies. A report of 391 cases by GIMEMA Infection Program. Haematologica 2001, 86, 862–870. [Google Scholar]
- Lionakis, M.S.; Lewis, R.E.; Kontoyiannis, D.P. Breakthrough Invasive Mold Infections in the Hematology Patient: Current Concepts and Future Directions. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2018, 67, 1621–1630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Estey, E.H. Acute myeloid leukemia: 2019 update on risk-stratification and management. Am. J. Hematol. 2018, 93, 1267–1291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Falantes, J.F.; Calderón, C.; Márquez-Malaver, F.J.; Aguilar-Guisado, M.; Martín-Peña, A.; Martino, M.L.; Montero, I.; González, J.; Parody, R.; Pérez-Simón, J.A.; Espigado, I. Patterns of infection in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia receiving azacitidine as salvage therapy. Implications for primary antifungal prophylaxis. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2014, 14, 80–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trubiano, J.A.; Dickinson, M.; Thursky, K.A.; Spelman, T.; Seymour, J.F.; Slavin, M.A.; Worth, L.J. Incidence, etiology and timing of infections following azacitidine therapy for myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk. Lymphoma 2017, 58, 2379–2386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pomares, H.; Arnan, M.; Sánchez-Ortega, I.; Sureda, A.; Duarte, R.F. Invasive fungal infections in AML/MDS patients treated with azacitidine: A risk worth considering antifungal prophylaxis? Mycoses 2016, 59, 516–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cornely, O.A.; Leguay, T.; Maertens, J.; Vehreschild, M.J.G.T.; Anagnostopoulos, A.; Castagnola, C.; Verga, L.; Rieger, C.; Kondakci, M.; Härter, G.; et al. Randomized comparison of liposomal amphotericin B versus placebo to prevent invasive mycoses in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2017, 72, 2359–2367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Storring, J.M.; Minden, M.D.; Kao, S.; Gupta, V.; Schuh, A.C.; Schimmer, A.D.; Yee, K.W.L.; Kamel-Reid, S.; Chang, H.; Lipton, J.H.; et al. Treatment of adults with BCR-ABL negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a modified paediatric regimen. Br. J. Haematol. 2009, 146, 76–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kadia, T.M.; Cortes, J.; Ravandi, F.; Jabbour, E.; Konopleva, M.; Benton, C.B.; Burger, J.; Sasaki, K.; Borthakur, G.; DiNardo, C.D.; et al. Cladribine and low-dose cytarabine alternating with decitabine as front-line therapy for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: A phase 2 single-arm trial. Lancet Haematol 2018, 5, e411–e421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bassan, R.; Rossi, G.; Pogliani, E.M.; Di Bona, E.; Angelucci, E.; Cavattoni, I.; Lambertenghi-Deliliers, G.; Mannelli, F.; Levis, A.; Ciceri, F.; et al. Chemotherapy-phased imatinib pulses improve long-term outcome of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Northern Italy Leukemia Group protocol 09/00. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 3644–3652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foà, R.; Vitale, A.; Vignetti, M.; Meloni, G.; Guarini, A.; De Propris, M.S.; Elia, L.; Paoloni, F.; Fazi, P.; Cimino, G.; et al. Dasatinib as first-line treatment for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2011, 118, 6521–6528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ottmann, O.G.; Druker, B.J.; Sawyers, C.L.; Goldman, J.M.; Reiffers, J.; Silver, R.T.; Tura, S.; Fischer, T.; Deininger, M.W.; Schiffer, C.A.; et al. A phase 2 study of imatinib in patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoid leukemias. Blood 2002, 100, 1965–1971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Teng, J.C.; Slavin, M.A.; Teh, B.W.; Lingaratnam, S.M.; Ananda-Rajah, M.R.; Worth, L.J.; Seymour, J.F.; Thursky, K.A. Epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in lymphoproliferative disorders. Haematologica 2015, 100, e462–e466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chamilos, G.; Lionakis, M.S.; Kontoyiannis, D.P. Call for Action: Invasive Fungal Infections Associated with Ibrutinib and Other Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors Targeting Immune Signaling Pathways. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2018, 66, 140–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teh, B.W.; Tam, C.S.; Handunnetti, S.; Worth, L.J.; Slavin, M.A. Infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Mitigating risk in the era of targeted therapies. Blood Rev. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Byrd, J.C.; Brown, J.R.; O’Brien, S.; Barrientos, J.C.; Kay, N.E.; Reddy, N.M.; Coutre, S.; Tam, C.S.; Mulligan, S.P.; Jaeger, U.; et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 371, 213–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jabbour, E.; Kantarjian, H.M.; Saglio, G.; Steegmann, J.L.; Shah, N.P.; Boqué, C.; Chuah, C.; Pavlovsky, C.; Mayer, J.; Cortes, J.; et al. Early response with dasatinib or imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: 3-year follow-up from a randomized phase 3 trial (DASISION). Blood 2014, 123, 494–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Polverelli, N.; Breccia, M.; Benevolo, G.; Martino, B.; Tieghi, A.; Latagliata, R.; Sabattini, E.; Riminucci, M.; Godio, L.; Catani, L.; et al. Risk factors for infections in myelofibrosis: Role of disease status and treatment. A multicenter study of 507 patients. Am. J. Hematol. 2017, 92, 37–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valdez, J.M.; Scheinberg, P.; Young, N.S.; Walsh, T.J. Infections in patients with aplastic anemia. Semin. Hematol. 2009, 46, 269–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valdez, J.M.; Scheinberg, P.; Nunez, O.; Wu, C.O.; Young, N.S.; Walsh, T.J. Decreased infection-related mortality and improved survival in severe aplastic anemia in the past two decades. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 52, 726–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bodey, G.P. The changing face of febrile neutropenia-from monotherapy to moulds to mucositis. Fever and neutropenia: The early years. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2009, 63 (Suppl. 1), i3–i13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bodey, G.P. Fungal infections complicating acute leukemia. J. Chronic Dis. 1966, 19, 667–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gerson, S.L.; Talbot, G.H.; Hurwitz, S.; Strom, B.L.; Lusk, E.J.; Cassileth, P.A. Prolonged granulocytopenia: The major risk factor for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1984, 100, 345–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Pauw, B.; Walsh, T.J.; Donnelly, J.P.; Stevens, D.A.; Edwards, J.E.; Calandra, T.; Pappas, P.G.; Maertens, J.; Lortholary, O.; Kauffman, C.A.; et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 46, 1813–1821. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mikulska, M.; Raiola, A.M.; Bruno, B.; Furfaro, E.; Van Lint, M.T.; Bregante, S.; Ibatici, A.; Del Bono, V.; Bacigalupo, A.; Viscoli, C. Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis and related mortality in recipients of allogeneic SCT from alternative donors: An analysis of 306 patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009, 44, 361–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Vidal, C.; Upton, A.; Kirby, K.A.; Marr, K.A. Epidemiology of invasive mold infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Biological risk factors for infection according to time after transplantation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 47, 1041–1050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lewis, R.E.; Georgiadou, S.P.; Sampsonas, F.; Chamilos, G.; Kontoyiannis, D.P. Risk factors for early mortality in haematological malignancy patients with pulmonary mucormycosis. Mycoses 2014, 57, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Graham, B.S.; Tucker, W.S., Jr. Opportunistic infections in endogenous Cushing’s syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1984, 101, 334–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lionakis, M.S.; Kontoyiannis, D.P. Glucocorticoids and invasive fungal infections. Lancet 2003, 362, 1828–1838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taccone, F.S.; Van den Abeele, A.-M.; Bulpa, P.; Misset, B.; Meersseman, W.; Cardoso, T.; Paiva, J.-A.; Blasco-Navalpotro, M.; De Laere, E.; Dimopoulos, G.; et al. Epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis in critically ill patients: Clinical presentation, underlying conditions, and outcomes. Crit. Care 2015, 19, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bassetti, M.; Garnacho-Montero, J.; Calandra, T.; Kullberg, B.; Dimopoulos, G.; Azoulay, E.; Chakrabarti, A.; Kett, D.; Leon, C.; Ostrosky-Zeichner, L.; et al. Intensive care medicine research agenda on invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2017, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marr, K.A.; Carter, R.A.; Boeckh, M.; Martin, P.; Corey, L. Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Changes in epidemiology and risk factors. Blood 2002, 100, 4358–4366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wald, A.; Leisenring, W.; van Burik, J.A.; Bowden, R.A. Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J. Infect. Dis. 1997, 175, 1459–1466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribaud, P.; Chastang, C.; Latgé, J.P.; Baffroy-Lafitte, L.; Parquet, N.; Devergie, A.; Espérou, H.; Sélimi, F.; Rocha, V.; Espérou, H.; et al. Survival and prognostic factors of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999, 28, 322–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hovi, L.; Saarinen-Pihkala, U.M.; Vettenranta, K.; Saxen, H. Invasive fungal infections in pediatric bone marrow transplant recipients: Single center experience of 10 years. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000, 26, 999–1004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Donnell, M.R.; Schmidt, G.M.; Tegtmeier, B.R.; Faucett, C.; Fahey, J.L.; Ito, J.; Nademanee, A.; Niland, J.; Parker, P.; Smith, E.P. Prediction of systemic fungal infection in allogeneic marrow recipients: Impact of amphotericin prophylaxis in high-risk patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994, 12, 827–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Girmenia, C.; Raiola, A.M.; Piciocchi, A.; Algarotti, A.; Stanzani, M.; Cudillo, L.; Pecoraro, C.; Guidi, S.; Iori, A.P.; Montante, B.; et al. Incidence and outcome of invasive fungal diseases after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A prospective study of the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014, 20, 872–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atalla, A.; Garnica, M.; Maiolino, A.; Nucci, M. Risk factors for invasive mold diseases in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 2015, 17, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bittencourt, H.; Rocha, V.; Chevret, S.; Socié, G.; Espérou, H.; Devergie, A.; Dal Cortivo, L.; Marolleau, J.-P.; Garnier, F.; Ribaud, P.; Gluckman, E. Association of CD34 cell dose with hematopoietic recovery, infections, and other outcomes after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2002, 99, 2726–2733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kuster, S.; Stampf, S.; Gerber, B.; Baettig, V.; Weisser, M.; Gerull, S.; Medinger, M.; Passweg, J.; Schanz, U.; Garzoni, C.; et al. Incidence and outcome of invasive fungal diseases after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A Swiss transplant cohort study. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 2018, e12981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bochud, P.-Y.; Chien, J.W.; Marr, K.A.; Leisenring, W.M.; Upton, A.; Janer, M.; Rodrigues, S.D.; Li, S.; Hansen, J.A.; Zhao, L.P.; et al. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and aspergillosis in stem-cell transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359, 1766–1777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cunha, C.; Di Ianni, M.; Bozza, S.; Giovannini, G.; Zagarella, S.; Zelante, T.; D’Angelo, C.; Pierini, A.; Pitzurra, L.; Falzetti, F.; et al. Dectin-1 Y238X polymorphism associates with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic transplantation through impairment of both recipient- and donor-dependent mechanisms of antifungal immunity. Blood 2010, 116, 5394–5402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cunha, C.; Aversa, F.; Lacerda, J.F.; Busca, A.; Kurzai, O.; Grube, M.; Löffler, J.; Maertens, J.A.; Bell, A.S.; Inforzato, A.; et al. Genetic PTX3 deficiency and aspergillosis in stem-cell transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 370, 421–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sucak, G.T.; Yegin, Z.A.; Ozkurt, Z.N.; Aki, S.Z.; Karakan, T.; Akyol, G. The role of liver biopsy in the workup of liver dysfunction late after SCT: Is the role of iron overload underestimated? Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008, 42, 461–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kontoyiannis, D.P.; Chamilos, G.; Lewis, R.E.; Giralt, S.; Cortes, J.; Raad, I.I.; Manning, J.T.; Han, X. Increased bone marrow iron stores is an independent risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies and recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer 2007, 110, 1303–1306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stuehler, C.; Kuenzli, E.; Jaeger, V.K.; Baettig, V.; Ferracin, F.; Rajacic, Z.; Kaiser, D.; Bernardini, C.; Forrer, P.; Weisser, M.; et al. Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and association with occurrence and outcome of invasive aspergillosis. J. Infect. Dis. 2015, 212, 959–967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kontoyiannis, D.P.; Marr, K.A.; Park, B.J. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001–2006: Overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSET). Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 50, 1091–1100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gil, L.; Kozlowska-Skrzypczak, M.; Mol, A.; Poplawski, D.; Styczynski, J.; Komarnicki, M. Increased risk for invasive aspergillosis in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases after autologous hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009, 43, 121–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teh, B.W.; Teng, J.C.; Urbancic, K.; Grigg, A.; Harrison, S.J.; Worth, L.J.; Slavin, M.A.; Thursky, K.A. Invasive fungal infections in patients with multiple myeloma: A multi-center study in the era of novel myeloma therapies. Haematologica 2015, 100, e28–e31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peleg, A.Y.; Weerarathna, T.; McCarthy, J.S.; Davis, T.M.E. Common infections in diabetes: Pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes. Metab. Res. Rev. 2007, 23, 3–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, A.S. Host cell invasion in mucormycosis: Role of iron. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2011, 14, 406–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Artis, W.M.; Fountain, J.A.; Delcher, H.K.; Jones, H.E. A mechanism of susceptibility to mucormycosis in diabetic ketoacidosis: Transferrin and iron availability. Diabetes 1982, 31, 1109–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Corzo-León, D.E.; Satlin, M.J.; Soave, R.; Shore, T.B.; Schuetz, A.N.; Jacobs, S.E.; Walsh, T.J. Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in the era of antifungal prophylaxis: A single-centre study with focus on emerging pathogens. Mycoses 2015, 58, 325–336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yong, M.K.; Slavin, M.A.; Kontoyiannis, D.P. Invasive fungal disease and cytomegalovirus infection: Is there an association? Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2018, 31, 481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martino, R.; Piñana, J.L.; Parody, R.; Valcarcel, D.; Sureda, A.; Brunet, S.; Briones, J.; Delgado, J.; Sánchez, F.; Rabella, N.; Sierra, J. Lower respiratory tract respiratory virus infections increase the risk of invasive aspergillosis after a reduced-intensity allogeneic hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009, 44, 749–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giménez, E.; Solano, C.; Nieto, J.; Remigia, M.J.; Clari, M.Á.; Costa, E.; Muñoz-Cobo, B.; Amat, P.; Bravo, D.; Benet, I.; Navarro, D. An investigation on the relationship between the occurrence of CMV DNAemia and the development of invasive aspergillosis in the allogeneic stem cell transplantation setting. J. Med. Virol. 2014, 86, 568–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yong, M.K.; Lewin, S.R.; Manuel, O. Immune Monitoring for CMV in Transplantation. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2018, 20, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lamoth, F.; Calandra, T. Let’s add invasive aspergillosis to the list of influenza complications. Lancet Respir. Med. 2018, 6, 733–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schauwvlieghe, A.F.A.D.; Rijnders, B.J.A.; Philips, N.; Verwijs, R.; Vanderbeke, L.; Van Tienen, C.; Lagrou, K.; Verweij, P.E.; Van de Veerdonk, F.L.; Gommers, D.; et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2018, 6, 782–792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garnacho-Montero, J.; León-Moya, C.; Gutiérrez-Pizarraya, A.; Arenzana-Seisdedos, A.; Vidaur, L.; Guerrero, J.E.; Gordón, M.; Martín-Loeches, I.; Rodriguez, A. Clinical characteristics, evolution, and treatment-related risk factors for mortality among immunosuppressed patients with influenza A (H1N1) virus admitted to the intensive care unit. J. Crit. Care 2018, 48, 172–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Vidal, C.; Barba, P.; Arnan, M.; Moreno, A.; Ruiz-Camps, I.; Gudiol, C.; Ayats, J.; Ortí, G.; Carratalà, J. Invasive aspergillosis complicating pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection in severely immunocompromised patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 53, e16–e19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crum-Cianflone, N.F. Invasive Aspergillosis associated with severe influenza infections. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2016, 3, ofw171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guarner, J.; Falcón-Escobedo, R. Comparison of the pathology caused by H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2 influenza viruses. Arch. Med. Res. 2009, 40, 655–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panackal, A.A.; Li, H.; Kontoyiannis, D.P.; Mori, M.; Perego, C.A.; Boeckh, M.; Marr, K.A. Geoclimatic influences on invasive aspergillosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 50, 1588–1597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tanaka, R.J.; Boon, N.J.; Vrcelj, K.; Nguyen, A.; Vinci, C.; Armstrong-James, D.; Bignell, E. In silico modeling of spore inhalation reveals fungal persistence following low dose exposure. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 13958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kanamori, H.; Rutala, W.A.; Sickbert-Bennett, E.E.; Weber, D.J. Review of Fungal Outbreaks and Infection Prevention in Healthcare Settings during Construction and Renovation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015, 61, 433–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alberti, C.; Bouakline, A.; Ribaud, P.; Lacroix, C.; Rousselot, P.; Leblanc, T.; Derouin, F.; Aspergillus Study Group. Relationship between environmental fungal contamination and the incidence of invasive aspergillosis in haematology patients. J. Hosp. Infect. 2001, 48, 198–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cornet, M.; Levy, V.; Fleury, L.; Lortholary, J.; Barquins, S.; Coureul, M.H.; Deliere, E.; Zittoun, R.; Brücker, G.; Bouvet, A. Efficacy of prevention by high-efficiency particulate air filtration or laminar airflow against Aspergillus airborne contamination during hospital renovation. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1999, 20, 508–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Portugal, R.D.; Garnica, M.; Nucci, M. Index to predict invasive mold infection in high-risk neutropenic patients based on the area over the neutrophil curve. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 3849–3854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garnica, M.; Sinhorelo, A.; Madeira, L.; Portugal, R.; Nucci, M. Diagnostic-driven antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients using the D-index and serial serum galactomannan testing. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2016, 20, 354–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takaoka, K.; Nannya, Y.; Shinohara, A.; Arai, S.; Nakamura, F.; Kurokawa, M. A novel scoring system to predict the incidence of invasive fungal disease in salvage chemotherapies for malignant lymphoma. Ann. Hematol. 2014, 93, 1637–1644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sassi, C.; Stanzani, M.; Lewis, R.E. Computerized tomographic pulmonary angiography discriminates invasive mould disease of the lung from lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol. 2015, 169, 462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montesinos, P.; Rodríguez-Veiga, R.; Boluda, B.; Martínez-Cuadrón, D.; Cano, I.; Lancharro, A.; Sanz, J.; Arilla, M.J.; López-Chuliá, F.; Navarro, I.; et al. Incidence and risk factors of post-engraftment invasive fungal disease in adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving oral azoles prophylaxis. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2015, 50, 1465–1472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hol, J.A.; Wolfs, T.F.W.; Bierings, M.B.; Lindemans, C.A.; Versluys, A.B.J.; Wildt de, A.; Gerhardt, C.E.; Boelens, J.J. Predictors of invasive fungal infection in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic SCT recipients. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2014, 49, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sorror, M.L.; Maris, M.B.; Storb, R.; Baron, F.; Sandmaier, B.M.; Maloney, D.G.; Storer, B. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: A new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT. Blood 2005, 106, 2912–2919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sorror, M.L.; Storb, R.F.; Sandmaier, B.M.; Maziarz, R.T.; Pulsipher, M.A.; Maris, M.B.; Bhatia, S.; Ostronoff, F.; Deeg, H.J.; Syrjala, K.L.; et al. Comorbidity-age index: A clinical measure of biologic age before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 32, 3249–3256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Busca, A.; Passera, R.; Maffini, E.; Festuccia, M.; Brunello, L.; Dellacasa, C.M.; Aydin, S.; Frairia, C.; Manetta, S.; Butera, S.; et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index and risk of developing invasive fungal infections after allografting. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2018, 53, 1304–1310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moons, K.G.M.; Altman, D.G.; Vergouwe, Y.; Royston, P. Prognosis and prognostic research: Application and impact of prognostic models in clinical practice. BMJ 2009, 338, 1487–1490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duarte, R.F.; Sánchez-Ortega, I.; Cuesta, I.; Arnan, M.; Patiño, B.; Fernández de Sevilla, A.; Gudiol, C.; Ayats, J.; Cuenca-Estrella, M. Serum galactomannan-based early detection of invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients receiving effective anti-mold prophylaxis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2014, 59, 1696–1702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stanzani, M.; Sassi, C.; Lewis, R.E.; Tolomelli, G.; Bazzocchi, A.; Cavo, M.; Vianelli, N.; Battista, G. High resolution computed tomography angiography improves the radiographic diagnosis of invasive mold disease in patients with hematological malignancies. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015, 60, 1603–1610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moons, K.G.M.; Altman, D.G.; Reitsma, J.B.; Ioannidis, J.P.A.; Macaskill, P.; Steyerberg, E.W.; Vickers, A.J.; Ransohoff, D.F.; Collins, G.S. Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): Explanation and elaboration. Ann. Intern. Med. 2015, 162, W1–W73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altman, D.G.; Vergouwe, Y.; Royston, P.; Moons, K.G.M. Prognosis and prognostic research: Validating a prognostic model. BMJ 2009, 338, b605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, P.L.; Parr, C.; Barnes, R.A. Predicting Invasive Aspergillosis in Hematology Patients by Combining Clinical and Genetic Risk Factors with Early Diagnostic Biomarkers. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2018, 56, e01122-17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Stanzani, M.; Lewis, R.E. Development and Applications of Prognostic Risk Models in the Management of Invasive Mold Disease. J. Fungi 2018, 4, 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040141
Stanzani M, Lewis RE. Development and Applications of Prognostic Risk Models in the Management of Invasive Mold Disease. Journal of Fungi. 2018; 4(4):141. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040141
Chicago/Turabian StyleStanzani, Marta, and Russell E. Lewis. 2018. "Development and Applications of Prognostic Risk Models in the Management of Invasive Mold Disease" Journal of Fungi 4, no. 4: 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040141