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Tomato Xylem Sap Hydrophobins Vdh4 and Vdh5 Are Important for Late Stages of Verticillium dahliae Plant Infection
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Associations between Genomic Variants and Antifungal Susceptibilities in the Archived Global Candida auris Population
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Cladosporium—Insect Relationships
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Antifungal Resistance and Genotyping of Clinical Candida parapsilosis Complex in Japan
Journal Description
Journal of Fungi
Journal of Fungi
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of mycology published monthly online by MDPI. The Medical Mycological Society of the Americas (MMSA) and the Spanish Phytopathological Society (SEF) are affiliated with the Journal of Fungi, and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Mycology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.2 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.5 (2023)
Latest Articles
Unmasking the Antifungal Activity of Anacardium occidentale Leaf Extract against Candida albicans
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070464 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Invasive fungal disease causes high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. Resistance to conventional antifungal drugs and the toxicity associated with high doses highlight the need for effective antifungal therapies. In this study, the antifungal potential of the ethanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale
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Invasive fungal disease causes high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. Resistance to conventional antifungal drugs and the toxicity associated with high doses highlight the need for effective antifungal therapies. In this study, the antifungal potential of the ethanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew Leaf) leaves were evaluated against Candida albicans and C. auris. The antifungal activity was tested by the broth microdilution method and growth kinetic test. To further explore its antifungal action mode, spectrofluorophotometry, confocal microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Additionally, heterozygous knockout strains associated with resistance to oxidative stress were included in the study. We found that A. occidentale could inhibit the proliferation and growth of C. albicans at concentrations of 62.5 and 125 μg/mL. The doubling time was also drastically affected, going from 2.8 h to 22.5 h, which was also observed in C. auris. The extract induced the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, while it did not show cytotoxicity or hemolytic activity at the concentrations evaluated. Our work preliminarily elucidated the potential mechanisms of A. occidentale against C. albicans on a cellular level, and might provide a promising option for the design of a new treatment for invasive candidiasis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antifungal Drugs)
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Phytotoxic Strains of Fusarium commune Isolated from Truffles
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Anton Zvonarev, Vasily Terentyev, Valentina Zhelifonova, Tatiana Antipova, Boris Baskunov, Aleksander Avtukh, Tatiana Abashina, Aleksey Kachalkin, Mikhail Vainshtein and Anna Kudryavtseva
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070463 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Most Fusarium species are known as endophytes and/or phytopathogens of higher plants and have a worldwide distribution. Recently, information discovered with molecular tools has been also published about the presence of these fungi in the microbiome of truffle fruiting bodies. In the present
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Most Fusarium species are known as endophytes and/or phytopathogens of higher plants and have a worldwide distribution. Recently, information discovered with molecular tools has been also published about the presence of these fungi in the microbiome of truffle fruiting bodies. In the present work, we isolated and identified three Fusarium strains from truffle fruiting bodies. All isolates were assigned to the same species, F. commune, and the strains were deposited in the All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms under accession numbers VKM F-5020, VKM F-5021, and VKM F-5022. To check the possible effects of the isolated strains on the plants, the isolates were used to infect sterile seedlings of Sarepta mustard (Brassica juncea L.). This model infection led to a moderate suppression of the photosynthetic apparatus activity and plant growth. Here, we present characteristics of the F. commune isolates: description of the conidial morphology, pigmentation, and composition of the mycelium fatty acids. Overall, this is the first description of the Fusarium cultures isolated from truffle fruiting bodies. Possible symbiosis of the F. commune strains with truffles and their involvement in the cooperative fatty acid production are proposed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)
Open AccessArticle
Identification and Characterization of High-Molecular-Weight Proteins Secreted by Plasmodiophora brassicae That Suppress Plant Immunity
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Yanqun Feng, Xiaoyue Yang, Gaolei Cai, Siting Wang, Pingu Liu, Yan Li, Wang Chen and Wei Li
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070462 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate intracellular parasitic protist that causes clubroot disease on cruciferous plants. So far, some low-molecular-weight secreted proteins from P. brassicae have been reported to play an important role in plant immunity regulation, but there are few reports on its
[...] Read more.
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate intracellular parasitic protist that causes clubroot disease on cruciferous plants. So far, some low-molecular-weight secreted proteins from P. brassicae have been reported to play an important role in plant immunity regulation, but there are few reports on its high-molecular-weight secreted proteins. In this study, 35 putative high-molecular-weight secreted proteins (>300 amino acids) of P. brassicae (PbHMWSP) genes that are highly expressed during the infection stage were identified using transcriptome analysis and bioinformatics prediction. Then, the secretory activity of 30 putative PbHMWSPs was confirmed using the yeast signal sequence trap system. Furthermore, the genes encoding 24 PbHMWSPs were successfully cloned and their functions in plant immunity were studied. The results showed that ten PbHMWSPs could inhibit flg22-induced reactive oxygen burst, and ten PbHMWSPs significantly inhibited the expression of the SA signaling pathway marker gene PR1a. In addition, nine PbHMWSPs could inhibit the expression of a marker gene of the JA signaling pathway. Therefore, a total of 19 of the 24 tested PbHMWSPs played roles in suppressing the immune response of plants. Of these, it is worth noting that PbHMWSP34 can inhibit the expression of JA, ET, and several SA signaling pathway marker genes. The present study is the first to report the function of the high-molecular-weight secreted proteins of P. brassicae in plant immunity, which will enrich the theory of interaction mechanisms between the pathogens and plants.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth and Virulence of Plant Pathogenic Fungi)
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Open AccessArticle
Insights into Aspergillus fumigatus Colonization in Cystic Fibrosis and Cross-Transmission between Patients and Hospital Environments
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Laís Pontes, Ana Luisa Perini Leme Giordano, Franqueline Reichert-Lima, Caio Augusto Gualtieri Beraquet, Guilherme Leite Pigolli, Teppei Arai, José Dirceu Ribeiro, Aline Cristina Gonçalves, Akira Watanabe, Gustavo Henrique Goldman, Maria Luiza Moretti and Angélica Zaninelli Schreiber
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070461 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
Background: Approximately 60% of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) are affected by Aspergillus fumigatus infection. This condition is correlated with a decline in lung function and is identified as an independent risk factor contributing to hospital admissions among CF patients. This study investigates
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Background: Approximately 60% of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) are affected by Aspergillus fumigatus infection. This condition is correlated with a decline in lung function and is identified as an independent risk factor contributing to hospital admissions among CF patients. This study investigates the dynamic interplay of A. fumigatus within the context of CF patients, tracing its evolution over time, with a specific emphasis on colonization dynamics. Methods: An analysis was conducted on 83 sequential A. fumigatus isolates derived from sputum samples of six patients receiving care at a renowned CF hospital in Brazil. Employing microsatellite genotyping techniques, alongside an investigation into cyp51A gene mutations, this research sheds light on the genetic variations, colonization, and resistance of A. fumigatus within the CF respiratory environment. Results: Our research findings indicate that CF patients can harbor A. fumigatus strains from the same clonal complexes for prolonged periods. Additionally, we identified that clinical isolates have the potential to spread among patients in the same healthcare facility, evidencing hospital contamination. Two patients who underwent long-term Itraconazole treatment did not show phenotypic resistance. However, one of these patients exhibited mutations in the cyp51A gene, indicating the need to monitor resistance to azoles in these patients colonized for long periods by A. fumigatus. We also observed co-colonization or co-infection involving multiple genotypes in all patients over time. Conclusion: This comprehensive examination offers valuable insights into the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus infections in CF patients, potentially shaping future therapeutic strategies and management approaches. This enhanced understanding contributes to our knowledge of A. fumigatus impact on disease progression in individuals with cystic fibrosis. Additionally, the study provides evidence of cross-contamination among patients undergoing treatment at the same hospital.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Investigators of Human Pathogenic Fungi)
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Open AccessCase Report
Phenotypical Differences at the Physiological and Clinical Level between Two Genetically Closely Related Clavispora lusitaniae Strains Isolated from Patients
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Debora Casagrande Pierantoni, Simone Giuliano, Angela Conti, Laura Corte, Jacopo Angelini, Gianluigi Cardinali and Carlo Tascini
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070460 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
The occurrence of non-albicans species within the genus Candida poses a major challenge in the clinical setting. Clavispora lusitaniae, formerly known as Candida lusitaniae, has gained attention due to its potential multidrug resistance, particularly to amphotericin B (AmB). While intrinsic resistance
[...] Read more.
The occurrence of non-albicans species within the genus Candida poses a major challenge in the clinical setting. Clavispora lusitaniae, formerly known as Candida lusitaniae, has gained attention due to its potential multidrug resistance, particularly to amphotericin B (AmB). While intrinsic resistance to AmB is rare, secondary resistance may develop during treatment due to phenotypic rearrangement and the reorganization of the cell wall. Although there is evidence of genetic variability within C. lusitaniae, comprehensive genomic studies are lacking. This study examines the physiological differences within Candida species and focuses on the medical implications of this. Using two case reports, significant physiological and resistance differences between two strains of C. lusitaniae are demonstrated, highlighting the need for further research into genetic variability. While one strain showed higher resistance to antifungal drugs and slower growth compared to Strain 2, both strains showed minimal beta-D-glucan production, suggesting alternative pathogenic mechanisms. The study underlines the importance of understanding microbial adaptation and selection mechanisms, especially in the clinical setting, to effectively combat emerging drug resistance. Furthermore, research is needed to clarify the complex interplay between environmental causes, physiological traits, and the mechanisms of drug resistance in C. lusitaniae.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidrug-Resistant Fungi: New Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment)
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Genome Analysis of Japanese Field-Isolated Aspergillus for Aflatoxin Productivity and Non-Productivity
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Tomohiro Furukawa, Kanae Sakai, Tadahiro Suzuki, Takumi Tanaka, Masayo Kushiro and Ken-Ichi Kusumoto
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070459 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin, a carcinogenic fungal toxin that poses a threat to the agricultural and food industries. There is a concern that the distribution of aflatoxin-producing A. flavus is expanding in Japan due to climate change, and it is necessary to understand
[...] Read more.
Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin, a carcinogenic fungal toxin that poses a threat to the agricultural and food industries. There is a concern that the distribution of aflatoxin-producing A. flavus is expanding in Japan due to climate change, and it is necessary to understand what types of strains inhabit. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of four Aspergillus strains isolated from agricultural fields in the Ibaraki prefecture of Japan and identified their genetic variants. Phylogenetic analysis based on single-nucleotide variants revealed that the two aflatoxin-producing strains were closely related to A. flavus NRRL3357, whereas the two non-producing strains were closely related to the RIB40 strain of Aspergillus oryzae, a fungus widely used in the Japanese fermentation industry. A detailed analysis of the variants in the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster showed that the two aflatoxin-producing strains belonged to different morphotype lineages. RT-qPCR results indicated that the expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes was consistent with aflatoxin production in the two aflatoxin-producing strains, whereas the two non-producing strains expressed most of the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes, unlike common knowledge in A. oryzae, suggesting that the lack of aflatoxin production was attributed to genes outside of the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in these strains.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins)
Open AccessArticle
MyC Factor Analogue CO5 Promotes the Growth of Lotus japonicus and Enhances Stress Resistance by Activating the Expression of Relevant Genes
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Xinhao Luo, Jiaqing Jiang, Jing Zhou, Jin Chen, Beijiu Cheng and Xiaoyu Li
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070458 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants is well known for its benefits in enhancing plant growth and stress resistance. Research on whether key components of the AMF colonization process, such as MyC factors, can be directly utilized to activate
[...] Read more.
The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants is well known for its benefits in enhancing plant growth and stress resistance. Research on whether key components of the AMF colonization process, such as MyC factors, can be directly utilized to activate plant symbiotic pathways and key functional gene expression is still lacking. In this paper, we found that, using a hydroponics system with Lotus japonicus, MyC factor analogue chitin oligomer 5 (CO5) had a more pronounced growth-promoting effect compared to symbiosis with AMF at the optimal concentration. Additionally, CO5 significantly enhanced the resistance of Lotus japonicus to various environmental stresses. The addition of CO5 activated symbiosis, nutrient absorption, and stress-related signaling pathways, like AMF symbiosis, and CO5 also activated a higher and more extensive gene expression profile compared to AMF colonization. Overall, the study demonstrated that the addition of MyC factor analogue CO5, by activating relevant pathways, had a superior effect on promoting plant growth and enhancing stress resistance compared to colonization by AMF. These findings suggest that utilizing MyC factor analogues like CO5 could be a promising alternative to traditional AMF colonization methods in enhancing plant growth and stress tolerance in agriculture.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Physicochemical Properties of Different Sulfated Polysaccharide Components from Laetiporus sulphureus and Their Anti-Proliferative Effects on MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells
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Chia-I Jen and Lean-Teik Ng
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070457 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Laetiporus sulphureus is an edible and medicinal mushroom widely used in folk medicine for treating cancer and gastric diseases. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of different sulfated polysaccharide (SPS) components (F1, F2, and F3) isolated from L. sulphureus and evaluate
[...] Read more.
Laetiporus sulphureus is an edible and medicinal mushroom widely used in folk medicine for treating cancer and gastric diseases. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of different sulfated polysaccharide (SPS) components (F1, F2, and F3) isolated from L. sulphureus and evaluate their activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell proliferation. Compared with F1 and F3, the results showed that F2 exhibited the most potent anti-proliferative activity on MDA-MB-231 cells, which could be attributed to the sulfate and protein contents, molecular weight, and monosaccharide composition. F2 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation by blocking the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase but not triggering cell apoptosis. In addition, F2 also showed selective cytotoxicity on breast cancer cells. It modulated the expression of proteins involved in G0/G1 phase progression, cell cycle checkpoints, DNA replication, and the TGFβ signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. This study demonstrated that F2, the medium-molecular-weight SPS component of L. sulphureus, possessed the most potent inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. The main factors contributing to the differences in the potency of anti-breast cancer activity between F1, F2, and F3 could be the sulfate and protein contents, molecular weight, and monosaccharide composition of SPS.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
Identification of Food Spoilage Fungi Using MALDI-TOF MS: Spectral Database Development and Application to Species Complex
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Nolwenn Rolland, Victoria Girard, Valérie Monnin, Sandrine Arend, Guillaume Perrin, Damien Ballan, Rachel Beau, Valérie Collin, Maëlle D’Arbaumont, Amélie Weill, Franck Deniel, Sylvie Tréguer, Audrey Pawtowski, Jean-Luc Jany and Jérôme Mounier
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070456 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
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Fungi, including filamentous fungi and yeasts, are major contributors to global food losses and waste due to their ability to colonize a very large diversity of food raw materials and processed foods throughout the food chain. In addition, numerous fungal species are mycotoxin
[...] Read more.
Fungi, including filamentous fungi and yeasts, are major contributors to global food losses and waste due to their ability to colonize a very large diversity of food raw materials and processed foods throughout the food chain. In addition, numerous fungal species are mycotoxin producers and can also be responsible for opportunistic infections. In recent years, MALDI-TOF MS has emerged as a valuable, rapid and reliable asset for fungal identification in order to ensure food safety and quality. In this context, this study aimed at expanding the VITEK® MS database with food-relevant fungal species and evaluate its performance, with a specific emphasis on species differentiation within species complexes. To this end, a total of 380 yeast and mold strains belonging to 51 genera and 133 species were added into the spectral database including species from five species complexes corresponding to Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium dimerum, Mucor circinelloides complexes and Aspergillus series nigri. Database performances were evaluated by cross-validation and external validation using 78 fungal isolates with 96.55% and 90.48% correct identification, respectively. This study also showed the capacity of MALDI-TOF MS to differentiate closely related species within species complexes and further demonstrated the potential of this technique for the routine identification of fungi in an industrial context.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
The Mechanosensitive Pkd2 Channel Modulates the Recruitment of Myosin II and Actin to the Cytokinetic Contractile Ring
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Pritha Chowdhury, Debatrayee Sinha, Abhishek Poddar, Madhurya Chetluru and Qian Chen
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070455 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the last step in cell division, separates daughter cells through mechanical force. This is often through the force produced by an actomyosin contractile ring. In fission yeast cells, the ring helps recruit a mechanosensitive ion channel, Pkd2, to the cleavage furrow, whose
[...] Read more.
Cytokinesis, the last step in cell division, separates daughter cells through mechanical force. This is often through the force produced by an actomyosin contractile ring. In fission yeast cells, the ring helps recruit a mechanosensitive ion channel, Pkd2, to the cleavage furrow, whose activation by membrane tension promotes calcium influx and daughter cell separation. However, it is unclear how the activities of Pkd2 may affect the actomyosin ring. Here, through both microscopic and genetic analyses of a hypomorphic pkd2 mutant, we examined the potential role of this essential gene in assembling the contractile ring. The pkd2-81KD mutation significantly increased the counts of the type II myosin heavy chain Myo2 (+18%), its regulatory light chain Rlc1 (+37%) and actin (+100%) molecules in the ring, compared to the wild type. Consistent with a regulatory role of Pkd2 in the ring assembly, we identified a strong negative genetic interaction between pkd2-81KD and the temperature-sensitive mutant myo2-E1. The pkd2-81KD myo2-E1 cells often failed to assemble a complete contractile ring. We conclude that Pkd2 modulates the recruitment of type II myosin and actin to the contractile ring, suggesting a novel calcium-dependent mechanism regulating the actin cytoskeletal structures during cytokinesis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yeast Cytokinesis)
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Open AccessArticle
Diversity and New Species of Ascomycota from Bamboo in China
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Zhiying Zhao, Taichang Mu, Nemat O. Keyhani, Huili Pu, Yongsheng Lin, Ziying Lv, Jinming Xiong, Xiaohao Chen, Xinyang Zhan, Huajun Lv, Motunrayo Yemisi Jibola-Shittu, Peisong Jia, Jianlong Wu, Shuaishuai Huang, Junzhi Qiu and Xiayu Guan
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070454 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Bamboo is an economically important crop that has gained prominence as an alternative to wood to reduce deforestation and ecosystem destruction. Diseases of bamboo that typically occur on leaves and stems can cause significant loss, reducing the quality and yield of the bamboo.
[...] Read more.
Bamboo is an economically important crop that has gained prominence as an alternative to wood to reduce deforestation and ecosystem destruction. Diseases of bamboo that typically occur on leaves and stems can cause significant loss, reducing the quality and yield of the bamboo. However, there are few reports identifying the fungal species diversity and potential pathogens of bamboo. Here, we describe four new species of plant fungi from the leaves of bamboo within Fujian provinces, China. Fungi were isolated from diseased leaves collected within Fujian province and identified based on their morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenies using nucleotide sequences derived from combined datasets of the intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS), the 28S large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), the large subunit of RNA polymerase I (rpb1), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α), and the partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2). These analyses helped reveal and clarify taxonomic relationships in the family Magnaporthaceae. The new species of bambusicolous fungi identified include two species of Bifusisporella, described as B. fujianensis sp. nov. and B. bambooensis sp. nov., and two species of Apiospora, described as A. fujianensis sp. nov. and A. fuzhouensis sp. nov. This study further expands the characterization and distribution of fungi associated with bamboo.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity in Various Environments, 3rd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Three New Species of Tuber Discovered in Alpine Fir Forests in Yunnan, China
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Lin Li, Shanping Wan, Yun Wang, Naritsada Thongklang, Mei Yang, Chengyi Liu, Zonglong Luo and Shuhong Li
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070453 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Three new species of Tuber, T. albicavum, T. laojunshanense, and T. umbilicicavatum belonging to the Puberulum phylogroup, are described based on specimens collected in alpine Abies forests at 3600–4000 m, Northwest Yunnan, China. T. albicavum is distinguished by its ascomata
[...] Read more.
Three new species of Tuber, T. albicavum, T. laojunshanense, and T. umbilicicavatum belonging to the Puberulum phylogroup, are described based on specimens collected in alpine Abies forests at 3600–4000 m, Northwest Yunnan, China. T. albicavum is distinguished by its ascomata with a single chamber of 0.5–1.8 cm diameter, with an apical opening of 0.2–0.6 cm in diameter, and light golden-brown alveolate reticulate ascospores up to 30 μm in length; T. laojunshanense is characterized by having ascomata with a slightly tomentose surface, sometimes with a white navel, a relatively thick peridium, up to 280 µm, and yellow-brown spores with alveolate reticulate ornamentation, up to 34 µm in length; T. umbilicicavatum is characterized by smooth ascomata with a distinct white navel, a relatively thin peridium, up to 110 µm, and golden or golden-brown alveolate reticulate ascospores, up to 40 μm in length. The molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region also supports that these three new species differ from previously described Tuber species.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Phylogeny and Ecology of Forest Fungi)
Open AccessArticle
Biodiversity, Distribution and Functional Differences of Fungi in Four Species of Corals from the South China Sea, Elucidated by High-Throughput Sequencing Technology
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Wenyu Dong, Jiatao Chen, Xinyu Liao, Xinye Chen, Liyu Huang, Jiayu Huang, Riming Huang, Saiyi Zhong and Xiaoyong Zhang
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070452 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
Recent studies have predominantly spotlighted bacterial diversity within coral microbiomes, leaving coral-associated fungi in the shadows of scientific inquiry. This study endeavors to fill this knowledge gap by delving into the biodiversity, distribution and functional differences of fungi associated with soft corals Cladiella
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Recent studies have predominantly spotlighted bacterial diversity within coral microbiomes, leaving coral-associated fungi in the shadows of scientific inquiry. This study endeavors to fill this knowledge gap by delving into the biodiversity, distribution and functional differences of fungi associated with soft corals Cladiella krempfi and Sarcophyton tortuosum, gorgonian coral Dichotella gemmacea and stony coral Favia speciosa from the South China Sea. Leveraging high-throughput sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) region of the rRNA gene, a total of 431 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified in this study, which indicated that a large number of fungal communities were harbored in the South China Sea corals. Noteworthy among our findings is that 10 fungal genera are reported for the first time in corals, with Candolleomyces, Exophiala, Fomitopsis, Inaequalispora, Kneiffiella, Paraphaeosphaeria, and Yamadazyma belonging to the Ascomycota, and Cystobasidium, Psathyrella, and Solicoccozyma to the Basidiomycota. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) of fungal communities were observed among the various coral species. In particular, the gorgonian coral D. gemmacea emerged as a veritable haven for fungal diversity, boasting 307 unique ASVs. Contrastingly, soft corals S. tortuosum and C. krempfi exhibited modest fungal diversity, with 36 and 21 unique ASVs, respectively, while the stony coral F. speciosa hosted a comparatively sparse fungal community, with merely 10 unique ASVs in total. These findings not only provide basic data on fungal diversity and function in the South China Sea corals, but also underscore the imperative of nuanced conservation and management strategies for coral reef ecosystems worldwide.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Evolution, Biodiversity and Systematics)
Open AccessArticle
Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Promote Plukenetia volubilis Growth and Decrease the Infection Levels of Meloidogyne incognita
by
Mike Anderson Corazon-Guivin, Sofía Rengifo del Aguila, Ronan Xavier Corrêa, Deyvis Cordova-Sinarahua, Leonor Costa Maia, Danielle Karla Alves da Silva, Gladstone Alves da Silva, Álvaro López-García, Danny Coyne and Fritz Oehl
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070451 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) offers promising benefits to agriculture in the Amazon regions, where soils are characteristically acidic and nutrient-poor. The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential effects of two recently described species of AMF (Nanoglomus
[...] Read more.
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) offers promising benefits to agriculture in the Amazon regions, where soils are characteristically acidic and nutrient-poor. The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential effects of two recently described species of AMF (Nanoglomus plukenetiae and Rhizoglomus variabile) native to the Peruvian Amazon for improving the plant growth of Plukenetia volubilis (inka nut or sacha inchi) and protecting the roots against soil pathogens. Two assays were simultaneously conducted under greenhouse conditions in Peru. The first focused on evaluating the biofertilizer effect of AMF inoculation, while the second examined the bioprotective effect against the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Overall, the results showed that AMF inoculation of P. volubilis seedlings positively improved their development, particularly their biomass, height, and the leaf nutrient contents. When seedlings were exposed to M. incognita, plant growth was also noticeably higher for AMF-inoculated plants than those without AMF inoculation. Nematode reproduction was significantly suppressed by the presence of AMF, in particular R. variabile, and especially when inoculated prior to nematode exposure. The dual AMF inoculation did not necessarily lead to improved crop growth but notably improved P and K leaf contents. The findings provide strong justification for the development of products based on AMF as agro-inputs to catalyze nutrient use and uptake and protect crops against pests and diseases, especially those that are locally adapted to local crops and cropping conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fungi and Their Role in Plant Growth)
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Open AccessArticle
Phytopathogenic Fungicidal Activity and Mechanism Approach of Three Kinds of Triphenylphosphonium Salts
by
Xuelian Liu, Huihui Liu, Fahong Yin, Yiyi Li, Jiazhen Jiang, Yumei Xiao, Yanhua Wu and Zhaohai Qin
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070450 - 27 Jun 2024
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The triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation has been widely used as a carrier for mitochondria-targeting molecules. We synthesized two commonly employed targeting systems, namely, ω-triphenylphosphonium fatty acids (group 2) and ω-triphenylphosphonium fatty alcohols (group 3), to assess the impact of the TPP module on the
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The triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation has been widely used as a carrier for mitochondria-targeting molecules. We synthesized two commonly employed targeting systems, namely, ω-triphenylphosphonium fatty acids (group 2) and ω-triphenylphosphonium fatty alcohols (group 3), to assess the impact of the TPP module on the biological efficacy of mitochondria-targeting molecules. We evaluated their fungicidal activities against nine plant pathogenic fungi in comparison to alkyl-1-triphenylphosphonium compounds (group 1). All three compound groups exhibited fungicidal activity and displayed a distinct “cut-off effect”, which depended on the length of the carbon chain. Specifically, group 1 compounds showed a cut-off point at C10 (compound 1–7), while group 2 and 3 compounds exhibited cut-off points at C15 (compound 2–12) and C14 (compound 3–11), respectively. Notably, group 1 compounds displayed significantly higher fungicidal activity compared to groups 2 and 3. However, group 2 and 3 compounds showed similar activity to each other, although susceptibility may depend on the pathogen tested. Initial investigations into the mechanism of action of the most active compounds suggested that their fungicidal performance may be primarily attributed to their ability to damage the membrane, as well as uncoupling activity and inhibition of fungal respiration. Our findings suggest that the TPP module used in delivery systems as aliphatic acyl or alkoxyl derivatives with carbon chains length < 10 will contribute negligible fungicidal activity to the TPP-conjugate compared to the effect of high level of accumulation in mitochondria due to its mitochondria-targeting ability. These results provide a foundation for utilizing TPP as a promising carrier in the design and development of more effective mitochondria-targeting drugs or pesticides.
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Open AccessCase Report
Daily Fungal Cell-Free DNA Testing to Assess Clinical Status during Candida krusei Fungemia
by
Jo-Anne H. Young, Xiaoying Liu, Emma Porter, Hannah Sweet, Wei Wang, Anton F. Evans, Chi Zhang and Karam M. Obeid
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070449 - 27 Jun 2024
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We present a case of a man immunocompromised due to myelodysplastic syndrome with Candida krusei fungemia who had a rising cell-free DNA (cfDNA) giant magnetoresistance (GMR) signal when tested daily using plasma blood samples. With the rise in GMR signal paralleling the development
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We present a case of a man immunocompromised due to myelodysplastic syndrome with Candida krusei fungemia who had a rising cell-free DNA (cfDNA) giant magnetoresistance (GMR) signal when tested daily using plasma blood samples. With the rise in GMR signal paralleling the development of skin lesions in this patient, we conclude that cfDNA can be used to indicate uncontrolled infection and thus help monitor response to therapy. This index patient provides evidence that an invasive fungal infection requires both direct antifungal therapy and an intact immune system to control the infection. This biosensing platform has been simplified to potentially serve as a point-of-care test, setting it apart by overcoming the three common barriers of cfDNA testing: complexity, cost, and time.
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Open AccessArticle
The Specific and Total CO2 Emission Activity of Wood-Decaying Fungi and Their Response to Increases in Temperature
by
Victor A. Mukhin, Daria K. Diyarova and Elena V. Zhuykova
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070448 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
The CO2 emission activity of xylotrophic fungi responding to an increase in temperature in the range of 10–30 °C with pure dikaryotic cultures of Fomes fomentarius s. str., F. inzengae, Fomitopsis betulina, F. pinicola, and Phellinus igniarius was analyzed.
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The CO2 emission activity of xylotrophic fungi responding to an increase in temperature in the range of 10–30 °C with pure dikaryotic cultures of Fomes fomentarius s. str., F. inzengae, Fomitopsis betulina, F. pinicola, and Phellinus igniarius was analyzed. Emission activity was assessed by the difference in CO2 concentration in 0.5 L exposure chambers with Petri dishes with mycelium growing on agar at the beginning of exposure and an hour later using a Gasmet DX-4030 FTIR spectrometer (Gasmet Technologies Oy, Finland), error measurements ±50 ppm. Specific (μg CO2/cm2/h) and total (μg CO2/h) emission activity and its relationship with temperature and size (area) of the mycelium were assessed. It is shown that in the range of 10–30 °C, the specific and total CO2 emission activity of the mycelium is closely and positively related to temperature. Specific emission, which is an indicator of the respiratory activity of the mycelium, does not depend on its size; its only driver is temperature, the relationship with which is linear: an increase in temperature by 10 °C causes an increase in the specific emission activity of the mycelium by 1.7 times. The total CO2 emission activity, which is an indicator of the total amount of CO2 emitted, is directly proportional to the specific emission activity and the size of the mycelium. In the range of 10–30 °C, an increase in temperature causes an almost equal increase in both the specific emission activity of the mycelium (Q10 1.7) and its growth (Q10 1.5) and causes an exponential increase in the total emission of CO2. This must be taken into account when predicting CO2 emissions from woody debris under climate change, as it could potentially contribute to accelerating climate change.
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Open AccessReview
Molecular Diagnostics for Invasive Fungal Diseases: Current and Future Approaches
by
David Pham, Varsha Sivalingam, Helen M. Tang, James M. Montgomery, Sharon C.-A. Chen and Catriona L. Halliday
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070447 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) comprise a growing healthcare burden, especially given the expanding population of immunocompromised hosts. Early diagnosis of IFDs is required to optimise therapy with antifungals, especially in the setting of rising rates of antifungal resistance. Molecular techniques including nucleic acid
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Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) comprise a growing healthcare burden, especially given the expanding population of immunocompromised hosts. Early diagnosis of IFDs is required to optimise therapy with antifungals, especially in the setting of rising rates of antifungal resistance. Molecular techniques including nucleic acid amplification tests and whole genome sequencing have potential to offer utility in overcoming limitations with traditional phenotypic testing. However, standardisation of methodology and interpretations of these assays is an ongoing undertaking. The utility of targeted Aspergillus detection has been well-defined, with progress in investigations into the role of targeted assays for Candida, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus, the Mucorales and endemic mycoses. Likewise, whilst broad-range polymerase chain reaction assays have been in use for some time, pathology stewardship and optimising diagnostic yield is a continuing exercise. As costs decrease, there is also now increased access and experience with whole genome sequencing, including metagenomic sequencing, which offers unparalleled resolution especially in the investigations of potential outbreaks. However, their role in routine diagnostic use remains uncommon and standardisation of techniques and workflow are required for wider implementation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal Disease)
Open AccessArticle
Infection of Phytophthora palmivora Isolates on Arabidopsis thaliana
by
Mariandrea García-Gaona and Hernán Mauricio Romero
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070446 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Phytophthora palmivora, a hemibiotrophic oomycete, causes diseases in several economically important tropical crops, such as oil palm, which it is responsible for a devastating disease called bud rot (BR). Despite recent progress in understanding host resistance and virulence mechanisms, many aspects remain
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Phytophthora palmivora, a hemibiotrophic oomycete, causes diseases in several economically important tropical crops, such as oil palm, which it is responsible for a devastating disease called bud rot (BR). Despite recent progress in understanding host resistance and virulence mechanisms, many aspects remain unknown in P. palmivora isolates from oil palm. Model pathosystems are useful for understanding the molecular interactions between pathogens and hosts. In this study, we utilized detached leaves and whole seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 to describe and evaluate the infection process of three P. palmivora isolates (CPPhZC-05, CPPhZC-04, CPPhZOC-01) that cause BR in oil palm. Two compatible isolates (CPPhZC-05 and CPPhZOC-01) induced aqueous lesions at 72 h post-inoculation (hpi), with microscopic visualization revealing zoospore encysting and appressorium penetration at 3 hpi, followed by sporangia generation at 72 hpi. In contrast, an incompatible isolate (CPPhZC-04) exhibited cysts that could not penetrate tissue, resulting in low leaf colonization. Gene expression of ten P. palmivora infection-related genes was quantified by RT-qPCR, revealing overexpression in compatible isolates, but not in the incompatible isolate. Additionally, key genes associated with salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) in Arabidopsis exhibited regulation during interaction with the three isolates. These findings demonstrate that P. palmivora can infect Arabidopsis Col-0, and variability is observed in the interaction between Arabidopsis-Col-0 and P. palmivora isolates. Establishing this pathosystem is expected to enhance our understanding of P. palmivora’s pathology and physiology.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes and Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance, 3rd Edition)
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Open AccessCommunication
Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of a Gene Encoding 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGR) from Bipolaris eleusines, an Ophiobolin A-Producing Fungus
by
Jianping Zhang, Ke Yang, Wei Tang, Yongjie Yang, Xiaoyue Yu, Yongliang Lu and Liuqing Yu
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070445 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Ophibolin A, a fungal sesterterpene, exerts a pivotal influence in a diverse array of biological processes, encompassing herbicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and cytotoxic activities. Sixty genes associated with sesterterpene compound biosynthesis were obtained from Bipolaris eleusines via transcriptome sequencing, and those closely linked to
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Ophibolin A, a fungal sesterterpene, exerts a pivotal influence in a diverse array of biological processes, encompassing herbicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and cytotoxic activities. Sixty genes associated with sesterterpene compound biosynthesis were obtained from Bipolaris eleusines via transcriptome sequencing, and those closely linked to ophiobolin A biosynthesis were subsequently filtered. A gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) that catalyzes the first committed step of ophiobolin biosynthesis in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway was isolated and characterized using RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) technology from ophiobolin A-producing fungus, B. eleusines. The full-length cDNA of the B. eleusines HMGR gene (BeHMGR) was 3906 bp and contained a 3474 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1157 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that deduced BeHMGR had high homology to the known HMGRs from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Leptosphaeria maculans. It had a calculated molecular mass of about 124.65 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.90. It contained two putative HMG-CoA-binding motifs and two NADP(H)-binding motifs. Induced expression analysis of the BeHMGR gene by methyl jasmonate treatment using quantitative fluorescence PCR showed that it significantly elevated after 3 h of methyl jasmonate treatment, peaked at 6 h, and then gradually decreased. This demonstrates that BeHMGR gene expression is induced by methyl jasmonate.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Fungal Diseases and Crop Protection)
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