Integrated Management of Aphis craccivora in Cowpea Using Intercropping and Entomopathogenic Fungi under Field Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Culture and Inoculum Preparation
2.2. Lambdacyhalothrin Duduthrin 1.75EC (Twiga Chemical Indutries Ltd.)
2.3. Experimental Sites
2.4. Soil Type in the Experimental Site
2.5. Crop
2.6. Treatments, Layout and Design
2.7. Evaluation of Treatments
2.7.1. Aphid Infestation Assessment
2.7.2. Assessment of Aphid Mortality Induced by EPF
2.7.3. Leaf Damage Assessment
2.7.4. Natural Enemies Assessment
2.7.5. Leaf Vegetable and Grain Yield
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Cowpea–Maize Intercropping and Treatment Application on Aphid Infestation
3.2. Aphid Mortality and Mycosis Induced by Metarhizium Anisopliae ICIPE 62 Application in the Field
3.3. Natural Enemies Associated with Aphis Craccivora
3.4. Aphid Damages on Cowpea
3.5. Leaf and Grain Yield
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seasons | Means ± SE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Lady Bird Beetles | Spiders (Leucauge decorata) | Lacewing | Parasitoid (Aphidius colemani) | |
Long rainy season | UCM | 2.7 ± 0.4 a | 1.6 ± 0.3 a | 2.6 ± 0.6 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 a |
CMD | 1.3 ± 0.3 b | 2.3 ± 0.8 a | 1.8 ± 0.5 b | 0.3 ± 0.2 a | |
CM62 | 1.5 ± 0.3 ab | 2.4 ± 0.5 a | 1.7 ± 0.3 b | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | |
UCMI | 2.3 ± 1.0 ab | 2.7 ± 0.5 a | 1.2 ± 0.3 b | 0.4 ± 0.2 a | |
CMID | 1.3 ± 0.5 b | 1.3 ± 0.3 a | 1.4 ± 0.4 b | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | |
CMI62 | 1.6 ± 0.3 ab | 2.8 ± 0.6 a | 1.7 ± 0.4 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | |
Cold and dry season | UCM | 10.6 ± 2.2 a | 1.9 ± 0.5 a | 0.4 ± 0.2 ab | 0.2 ± 0.1 a |
CMD | 10.1 ± 1.7 a | 1.2 ± 0.4 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 ab | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | |
CM62 | 6.5 ± 1.1 a | 0.8 ± 0.3 a | 0.3 ± 0.2 b | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | |
UCMI | 2.6 ± 0.8 b | 1.4 ± 0.3 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 a | |
CMID | 10.4 ± 1.5 a | 2.2 ± 0.5 a | 1.0 ± 0.4 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | |
CMI62 | 6.5 ± 1.1 a | 1.2 ± 0.2 a | 1.2 ± 0.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 a | |
Short rainy season | UCM | 3.9 ± 0.7 a | 1 ± 0.2 a | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a |
CMD | 2.9 ± 0.1 ab | 0.7 ± 0.2 ab | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | |
CM62 | 2.0 ± 0.5 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 b | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.32 ± 0.02 a | |
UCMI | 2.0 ± 0.5 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 ab | 0.1 ± 0.06 a | 0.00 ± 0.0 a | |
CMID | 2.5 ± 0.6 b | 0.7 ± 0.2 ab | 0.3 ± 0.2 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | |
CMI62 | 2.4 ± 0.5 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.14 ± 0.05 a |
Treatment | Long Rainy Season | Cold and Dry Season | Short Rainy Season |
---|---|---|---|
UCM | 1.9 ± 0.2 aA | 1.2 ± 0.2 abB | 2.0 ± 0.2 aA |
CMD | 1.6 ± 0.2 aB | 2.1 ± 0.3 aA | 1.7 ± 0.3 aA |
CM62 | 1.3 ± 0.2 aA | 1.0 ± 0.2 bA | 1.2 ± 0.2 abA |
UCMI | 1.6 ± 0.2 aA | 1.0 ± 0.2 bB | 2.0 ± 0.3 aA |
CMD | 1.5 ± 0.2 aA | 1.1 ± 0.3 bA | 1.7 ± 0.3 aA |
CMID | 1.6 ± 0.3 aA | 0.4 ± 0.2 cC | 0.8 ± 0.1 bB |
F | 1.22 | 6 | 4.6 |
P-Value | 0.34 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
df | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Yield | Treatment | Long Rainy Season | Cold and Dry Season | Short Rainy Season |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf yield (kg·ha−1) | UCM | 16.8 ± 2.4 aB | 69.6 ± 5.5 bA | 22.65 ± 5.4 bB |
CMD | 14.6 ± 1.7 abB | 62.38 ± 5.3 bA | 26.65 ± 13.5 bB | |
CM62 | 9.3 ± 1.3 bC | 139.56 ± 18.7 aA | 46.4 ± 11.6 aB | |
UCMI | 16.8 ± 2.4 aB | 89.44 ± 9.3 bA | 25.4 ± 6.6 bB | |
CMID | 11.8 ± 1.7 bC | 80.4 ± 6.6 bA | 31.55 ± 8.3 abB | |
CMI62 | 10.2 ± 1.7 bC | 106.6 ± 15.7 abA | 40.45 ± 10.7 aB | |
F | 3 | 6.25 | 2.12 | |
P-Value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | |
df | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
Grain yield (kg·ha−1) | UCM | 285.7 ± 3 abA | 139.6 ± 15 bcB | 102.9 ± 11 bC |
CMD | 277.9 ± 32 abA | 117.33 ± 7 bcB | 97.82 ± 4.8 bB | |
CM62 | 302 ± 31.8 aA | 256.8 ± 23.4 aA | 156.5 ± 17.5 aB | |
UCMI | 183.7 ± 16.9 bA | 84.9 ± 7 cB | 74.9 ± 7.2 bB | |
CMID | 200 ± 27 abA | 83.2 ± 8.4 cB | 87.39 ± 10 bB | |
CMI62 | 203.17 ± 32 abA | 150.7 ± 23.5 bB | 125.3 ± 17.4 abB | |
F | 4.26 | 16.15 | 5.67 | |
P-Value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
df | 5 | 5 | 5 |
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Mweke, A.; Akutse, K.S.; Ulrichs, C.; Fiaboe, K.K.M.; Maniania, N.K.; Ekesi, S. Integrated Management of Aphis craccivora in Cowpea Using Intercropping and Entomopathogenic Fungi under Field Conditions. J. Fungi 2020, 6, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020060
Mweke A, Akutse KS, Ulrichs C, Fiaboe KKM, Maniania NK, Ekesi S. Integrated Management of Aphis craccivora in Cowpea Using Intercropping and Entomopathogenic Fungi under Field Conditions. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6(2):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020060
Chicago/Turabian StyleMweke, Allan, Komivi Senyo Akutse, Christian Ulrichs, Komi Kouma Mokpokpo Fiaboe, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, and Sunday Ekesi. 2020. "Integrated Management of Aphis craccivora in Cowpea Using Intercropping and Entomopathogenic Fungi under Field Conditions" Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020060