A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat Arl6ip4 Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against Fusarium Pathogens and Mycotoxins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant and Microbial Materials
2.2. RNA Extraction and Suppression Subtractive Hybridization
2.3. DON Treatment and Fungal Inoculation of Wheat Spikes
2.4. Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis
2.5. Subcellular Localization
2.6. Plant Transformation
2.7. Antifungal Activity
2.8. Microscale Thermophoresis Analysis
2.9. Fluorescence Microscopy Analysis
2.10. Transmission Electron Microscopy Assay
2.11. DON Tolerance and Fungal Resistance Assays
2.12. Southern Blotting and Northern Blotting
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. TaArl6ip4 Encodes an ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like Protein 6-Interacting Protein 4 in Response to DON
3.2. Sequence Analysis and Functional Prediction of TaARL6IP4
3.3. TaArl6ip4 Encodes an Antifungal Peptide
3.4. TaARL6IP4 Exhibits DON Affinity In Vitro
3.5. TaARL6IP4 Disrupts the Membrane Integrity of F. graminearum Spores
3.6. TaArl6ip4 Enhances DON Tolerance and FHB Resistance in Arabidopsis
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungi | IC50 |
---|---|
F. graminearum 5035 | 22 ± 1.5 µM |
A. alternata | 25 ± 2.6 µM |
F. oxysporum | >200 µM |
C. higginsianum | >200 µM |
S. sclerotiorum | >200 µM |
Genotype | Root Length (mm) | Fresh Weight (mg) | Disease (FAD) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T2 | T3 | T2 | T3 | T2 | T3 | |||
14 dpi | 14 dpi | 14 dpi | 14 dpi | 7 dpi | 10 dpi | 7 dpi | 10 dpi | |
TaArl6ip4-1 | 17.00 ± 1.63 a | 19.12 ± 2.95 a | 6.71 ± 1.27 a | 7.23 ± 1.39 a | 6.48 ± 2.17 a | 9.15 ± 1.93 a | 4.76 ± 1.73 a | 5.10 ± 2.20 a |
TaArl6ip4-2 | 14.36 ± 2.38 a | 17.89 ± 1.69 a | 6.15 ± 1.57 a | 6.77 ± 1.23 a | 7.32 ± 1.87 a | 10.10 ± 2.31a | 5.80 ± 2.07 a | 6.20 ± 2.07 a |
WT | 3.72 ± 0.55 | 4.40 ± 0.71 | 3.17 ± 0.74 | 4.45 ± 0.89 | 11.86 ± 2.32 | 14.74 ± 2.16 | 7.93 ± 1.02 | 9.85 ± 1.87 |
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Liu, G.; Zuo, D.-Y.; Yang, P.; He, W.-J.; Yang, Z.; Zhang, J.-B.; Wu, A.-B.; Yi, S.-Y.; Li, H.-P.; Huang, T.; et al. A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat Arl6ip4 Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against Fusarium Pathogens and Mycotoxins. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110941
Liu G, Zuo D-Y, Yang P, He W-J, Yang Z, Zhang J-B, Wu A-B, Yi S-Y, Li H-P, Huang T, et al. A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat Arl6ip4 Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against Fusarium Pathogens and Mycotoxins. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(11):941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110941
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Gang, Dong-Yun Zuo, Peng Yang, Wei-Jie He, Zheng Yang, Jing-Bo Zhang, Ai-Bo Wu, Shu-Yuan Yi, He-Ping Li, Tao Huang, and et al. 2021. "A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat Arl6ip4 Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against Fusarium Pathogens and Mycotoxins" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 11: 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110941