Environmental Status of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Atlántico
3.2. Bogotá
3.3. Cali
3.4. Cúcuta
3.5. Cundinamarca
3.6. Huila
3.7. Monteria
3.8. Pasto
3.9. Popayán
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference (Number) | City | Sampling Period | Total of Samples | Climatic Conditions | Isolated Species | Type of Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Positive Environmental Isolated (%) | Species | n | Samples | Samples Species | ||||
[83] | Barranquilla | September 2012–November 2014 | 2068 | 0.4 | T (°C): 28 P (mm): 500–1500 | C. neoformans | 8 | Leaves, flower, land, cortex, dendrites | Almendro (Terminalia catappa), Tabebuia rosea |
[20] | Bogotá | 1997–1999 | 426 | 3.99 | T (°C): 13.4 * | C. laurentii | 14 | Bark | Eucalyptus camaldulensis |
C. neoformans var. neoformans, serotype A | 2 | ||||||||
C. albidus | 1 | ||||||||
[21] | Bogotá | 1994 (August and November) | 562 | 4.72 | T (°C): 16 RH (%): 62.5 | C. laurentii | 8 | Flower (2), seeds (2), leaves (1), stems (1), debris (2) | Eucalyptus sp. |
C. macerans | 5 | Flower (2), leaves (2), stems (1) | |||||||
C. gattii serotype C | 4 | Seeds (1), leaves (2), stems (1) | |||||||
[81] | Bogotá | 2003 (January–May) | 480 | 7.92 | T(°C):19.124 500 and 1000 mm * | C. neoformans var. gattii | 33 | Bark (23), soil (12), and hollow (3) | Ficus soatensis (11), Ficus tequendamae (2), Croton bogotanus (1), Croton funckianus (1), Coussapoa sp. (1), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (7), Eucalyptus golobulus (3), (2), Cupressus lusitanica (1), Acacia decurriiiiens (3) |
C. neoformans var. grubii | 5 | ||||||||
[59] | Bogotá | 2007 (February and August) | 128 | 20 | T(°C): 19.124 500 and 1000 mm * | C. gattii | 15 | Bark (28), soil (37), debris (52), seeds (4), and flowers (7). | Corymbia ficifolia |
[28] | Santiago de Cali | - | 119 | 49.58 | T (°C): 28.55 * | C. neoformans var. neoformans | 59 | Pigeon feces | Columba livia |
[29] | Santiago de Cali | 1994–1995 | 380 | 1.6 | pH 6.0 | C. neoformans var. neoformans | 1 | Bird droppings | Polyborus plancus |
[25] | Santiago de Cúcuta | 1997 May–September | 157 | 12.546 | P (mm): 763 | C. gattii serotype C | 4 | Debris | Polyborus plancus Terminalia catappa |
[24] | Cúcuta | 1997–1999 | 370 | 19.38 | T (°C): 28.83 RH (%): 69 P (mm): 595–1341 | C. gattii, serotype C | 31 | Debris | Terminalia catappa (almond-tree) |
[26] | Cúcuta | 2008 (January, February and August) | 4389 | 0.14 | T (°C): 28.8 (RH) (%): 68 | C. gattii (serotype C) | 2 | Soil around the trees | Ficus sp. |
C. gattii (serotype B) | 1 | ||||||||
C. neoformans (Serotype A) | 3 | Soil around the trees | Ficus sp. | ||||||
[27] | Cúcuta | October 2016–April 2017 | 1300 | 4.3 | T (°C): 24.95 P (mm): 70–64 * - | C. neoformans var, grubii | 19 | Soil, Bark, nuts and leaves. | Mango (Mangifera indica), Oití (Licania tomentosa), Samán (Samanea saman), Tamarindo (Tamarindus indica), Totumo (Crescentia cujete), Chiminango (Pithecellobium dulce) Limón swingle (Swinglea glutinosa), Mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus) y Almendro (Terminalia catappa) |
[56] | Cundinamarca | - | 765 | 13.59 | T (°C): 12–18 | C. neoformans, serotype A | 32 | Pigeon feces (31), debris (1) | Columba livia, Eucalyptus spp. |
C. gatti serotype B | 62 | Debris | Eucalyptus spp. | ||||||
[60] | La Calera | 2003 (February and March) | 167 | 27.54 | T (°C): 13 | C. gattii serotype B | 46 | Debris | Eucalyptus spp. |
[22] | Neiva | 2018 | 118 | 6.8 | T(°C):27.7 442 masl | C. neoformans var. grubii | 8 | Pigeon feces (8) Fruits, leaves, and debris of almond trees (0) | Columba livia Terminalia catappa |
[19] | Montería | 2008–2009 | 2445 | 8.88 | T (°C): 27 | C. gattii | 217 | Flowers, bark and soil | Terminalia catappa |
[23] | Pasto | - | 128 | 26.56 | Considerable humidity and sunshine conditions | C. neoformans | 34 | Pigeon feces | Columba livia |
[18] | Popayán | 2012–2013 (September–June) | 303 | 38.94 | T(°C):18–191735 masl | C. neoformans var. grubii | 118 | Bird droppings | Columba livia, Bubulcus ibis |
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Serna-Espinosa, B.-N.; Guzmán-Sanabria, D.; Forero-Castro, M.; Escandón, P.; Sánchez-Quitian, Z.A. Environmental Status of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Colombia. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060410
Serna-Espinosa B-N, Guzmán-Sanabria D, Forero-Castro M, Escandón P, Sánchez-Quitian ZA. Environmental Status of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Colombia. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(6):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060410
Chicago/Turabian StyleSerna-Espinosa, Briggith-Nathalia, Diomedes Guzmán-Sanabria, Maribel Forero-Castro, Patricia Escandón, and Zilpa Adriana Sánchez-Quitian. 2021. "Environmental Status of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Colombia" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060410