Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Mitigate Aluminum Toxicity and Regulate Proline Metabolism in Plants Grown in Acidic Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup, Plant Materials, and Growth Conditions
2.2. Photosynthetic Rate
2.3. Mycorrhizal Parameters
2.4. Determination of Aluminum Content in Soil and Plant Tissue
2.5. Amino Acid and Nitrogen Measurements
2.6. Enzyme Activity Assays
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. AMF Colonization and Hyphal Growth
3.2. Plant Biomass, Photosynthesis, and Al Accumulation
3.3. Proline Biosynthesis: Glutamine Pathway
3.4. Proline Biosynthesis: Ornithine Pathway
3.5. P5C–Pro Metabolism Cycle
3.6. Nitrogen (N) Assimilation
3.7. Hierarchical Clustering of Proline-Metabolism-Related Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Al Greatly Inhibits Growth and Photosynthesis in Both Plants, with Lotus Bring More Tolerant
4.2. AMF Decreased Al Accumulation and Alleviated its Negative Impact on Growth and Photosynthesis
4.3. Proline Metabolism in Lotus Is More Responsive to Al Than in Barley
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Barley | Lotus | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | AMF | Al | Al + AMF | Control | AMF | Al | Al + AMF | |
AM colonization (% per root) | 0 | 58.35 ± 1a | 0 | 43.0 ± 1.45b | 0 | 55.9 ± 1.6a | 0 | 38.8 ± 1.7b |
Hyphal length (mm/g soil) | 0 | 1943 ± 98a | 0 | 1411.2 ± 12b | 0 | 2168 ± 198a | 0 | 1161 ± 101b |
Arbuscules (number/cm root) | 0 | 4.8 ± 0.703a | 0 | 4.4 ± 0.34a | 0 | 5.1 ± 0.7a | 0 | 4.1 ± 0.3b |
Parameter | Barley | Lotus | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | AMF | Al | Al + AMF | Control | AMF | Al | Al + AMF | |
Fresh weight | 2.03 ± 0.1c | 2.4 ± 0.15d | 0.82 ± 0.03a | 1.43 ± 0.14b | 2.68 ± 0.05c | 3.11 ± 0.2d | 1.38 ± 0.12a | 1.97 ± 0.21b |
Dry weight | 0.44 ± 0.02b | 0.67 ± 0.06c | 0.18 ± 0.02a | 0.34 ± 0.07b | 0.64 ± 0.01c | 0.76 ± 0.08d | 0.35 ± 0.01a | 0.51 ± 0.08b |
Rate of photosynthesis | 0.14 ± 0.01c | 0.15 ± 0.01c | 0.04 ± 0.02a | 0.08 ± 0.01b | 0.19 ± 0.01b | 0.23 ± 0.01bc | 0.09 ± 0.01a | 0.17 ± 0.02b |
Al in tissues | ND | ND | 164.84 ± 22.95b | 76.48 ± 2.53a | ND | ND | 128.62 ± 4.32b | 90.11 ± 11.41a |
Al in soil | ND | ND | 15.51 ± 0.38b | 08.86 ± 1.19a | ND | ND | 16.24 ± 1.62b | 11.72 ± 1.02a |
Parameter | Barley | Lotus | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | AMF | Al | Al + AMF | Control | AMF | Al | Al + AMF | |
Nitrogen | 218.3 ± 12c | 238 ± 17c | 133 ± 15a | 163 ± 21b | 255 ± 19c | 285 ± 26c | 198 ± 16a | 228 ± 13b |
Nitrate reductase | 443 ± 28b | 453 ± 98b | 311 ± 32a | 351 ± 12a | 468 ± 31c | 488 ± 41c | 378 ± 18a | 421 ± 27b |
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Alotaibi, M.O.; Saleh, A.M.; Sobrinho, R.L.; Sheteiwy, M.S.; El-Sawah, A.M.; Mohammed, A.E.; Elgawad, H.A. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Mitigate Aluminum Toxicity and Regulate Proline Metabolism in Plants Grown in Acidic Soil. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070531
Alotaibi MO, Saleh AM, Sobrinho RL, Sheteiwy MS, El-Sawah AM, Mohammed AE, Elgawad HA. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Mitigate Aluminum Toxicity and Regulate Proline Metabolism in Plants Grown in Acidic Soil. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(7):531. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070531
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlotaibi, Modhi O., Ahmed M. Saleh, Renato L. Sobrinho, Mohamed S. Sheteiwy, Ahmed M. El-Sawah, Afrah E. Mohammed, and Hamada Abd Elgawad. 2021. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Mitigate Aluminum Toxicity and Regulate Proline Metabolism in Plants Grown in Acidic Soil" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7: 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070531