Short-Term Vegetation Restoration Enhances the Complexity of Soil Fungal Network and Decreased the Complexity of Bacterial Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Soil Sampling and Soil Biochemical Analyses
2.4. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Illumina MiSeq Sequencing
2.5. Microbial Co-Occurrence Network Construction
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physicochemical Properties
3.2. Bacterial and Fungal Community Structure and Species Diversity
3.3. Relationship between Environmental Variables and Community Structure of Bacteria and Fungi
3.4. Soil Microbial Network Complexity
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Properties
4.2. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on the Soil Fungal Community Structures
4.3. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on the Soil Bacterial Community Structures
4.4. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on the Soil Microbial Network Complexity
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Soil Depth | pH | Organic Matter (mg/kg) | Total Nitrogen (mg/kg) | Total Phosphorus (mg/kg) | Total Potassium (mg/kg) | Available Phosphorus (mg/kg) | Available Potassium (mg/kg) | Available Nitrogen (mg/kg) | Ammonium Nitrogen (mg/kg) | Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–10 cm | 7.81 ± 0.01 | 6.55 ± 1.75b | 472.67 ± 75.97b | 486 ± 18.03cd | 239 ± 7.22 | 2.7 ± 0.16c | 72.52 ± 3.54c | 36.05 ± 6.00b | 16.82 ± 1.69b | 5.08 ± 0.16c | |
CK | 10–20 cm | 7.81 ± 0.01 | 7.34 ± 1.54b | 510.67 ± 89.55b | 438 ± 18.19d | 246 ± 9.24 | 1.54 ± 0.47c | 61.6 ± 6.84c | 37.1 ± 7.31b | 15.72 ± 2.67b | 5.5 ± 0.35bc |
20–30 cm | 7.81 ± 0.01 | 6.84 ± 1.93b | 449.33 ± 100.86b | 443.33 ± 8.41d | 230 ± 18.55 | 4.11 ± 1.11c | 80.32 ± 11.7c | 31.62 ± 7.72b | 12.92 ± 1.84b | 5.12 ± 0.21c | |
0–10 cm | 7.82 ± 0.02 | 13.82 ± 0.45a | 1027.33 ± 20.27a | 686.67 ± 8.09a | 233 ± 2.08 | 34.75 ± 3.01a | 463.12 ± 6.12a | 81.78 ± 3.44a | 67.95 ± 18.56a | 7.03 ± 0.38ab | |
AF | 10–20 cm | 7.81 ± 0.01 | 8.13 ± 2.01b | 654.67 ± 108.21b | 551.33 ± 21.80bc | 214 ± 16.13 | 7.22 ± 1.15bc | 379.12 ± 23.77b | 52.38 ± 9.23b | 18.12 ± 4.86b | 6.47 ± 0.34ab |
20–30 cm | 7.81 ± 0.01 | 7.41 ± 2.04b | 555 ± 125.4b | 520 ± 55.51cd | 248 ± 8.72 | 13.1 ± 4.54bc | 354.45 ± 40.52b | 44.8 ± 9.15b | 20.55 ± 2.66b | 5.75 ± 0.45bc | |
0–10 cm | 7.83 ± 0.02 | 6.83 ± 1.61b | 559 ± 124.71b | 507 ± 52.17cd | 256 ± 25.75 | 13.53 ± 4.75bc | 323.62 ± 27.06b | 37.8 ± 7.91b | 7.73 ± 1.62b | 5.98 ± 0.78ab | |
SB | 10–20 cm | 7.81 ± 0.01 | 8.23 ± 2.03b | 619.33 ± 110.27b | 621 ± 25.81ab | 258 ± 15.54 | 18.14 ± 8.41b | 373.12 ± 25.6b | 42.12 ± 4.81b | 5.05 ± 0.43b | 7.35 ± 0.65a |
20–30 cm | 7.83 ± 0.01 | 6.51 ± 0.88b | 526.33 ± 79.67b | 520.33 ± 14.31cd | 239 ± 3.71 | 6.01 ± 1.18bc | 470.12 ± 23.19a | 40.48 ± 7.48b | 4.22 ± 0.44b | 5.62 ± 0.61bc |
Treatment | Fungal Community | Bacterial Community | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | AF | SB | CK | AF | SB | |
Number of nodes | 162 | 183 | 178 | 184 | 184 | 187 |
Number of edges | 351 | 696 | 429 | 1320 | 966 | 830 |
Average neighborhood | 4.33 | 7.61 | 4.82 | 14.35 | 10.5 | 8.87 |
Linkage distance | 14 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 11 |
Clustering coefficient | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.51 |
Linkage density | 2.16 | 3.8 | 2.4 | 7.17 | 5.25 | 4.44 |
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Xu, H.; Chen, C.; Pang, Z.; Zhang, G.; Wu, J.; Kan, H. Short-Term Vegetation Restoration Enhances the Complexity of Soil Fungal Network and Decreased the Complexity of Bacterial Network. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111122
Xu H, Chen C, Pang Z, Zhang G, Wu J, Kan H. Short-Term Vegetation Restoration Enhances the Complexity of Soil Fungal Network and Decreased the Complexity of Bacterial Network. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(11):1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111122
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Hengkang, Chao Chen, Zhuo Pang, Guofang Zhang, Juying Wu, and Haiming Kan. 2022. "Short-Term Vegetation Restoration Enhances the Complexity of Soil Fungal Network and Decreased the Complexity of Bacterial Network" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 11: 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111122