Use of Defensins to Develop Eco-Friendly Alternatives to Synthetic Fungicides to Control Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Mycotoxins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Origin and Characteristics of Defensins
3. Activity of Defensins against Fungal Phytopathogens
4. Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Defensins
4.1. Interactions with Host Membrane Components and Induction of Fungal Membranes Disorders
4.2. Induction of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis
4.3. Internalization and Intracellular Targets
5. Exploiting Defensins to Protect Crops from Phytopathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxin Contamination
5.1. Transgenic Plants Overexpressing Defensin for an Enhanced Resistance to Phytopathogenic Fungi
5.2. Developing Defensin-Based Plant Protection Products for the Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Defensin | Amino Acid (AA) Sequence (Accession n°) | AA n°ber | MM (Da)/pI | Organism (Family) | Targeted Species (IC50 and MIC) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant defensin | ||||||
AX1 | AICKKPSKFFKGACGRDADCEKACDQENWPGGVCVPFLRCECQRSC (P81493) | 44 | 4895.72/7.14 | Beta vulgaris L (Amaran-thaceae) | Cercospora beticola (IC50 = 0.79 µM *) | [62] |
AX2 | ATCRKPSMYFSGACFSDTNCQKACNREDWPNGKCLVGFKCECQRPC (P82010) | 46 | 5185.01/7.31 | C. beticola (IC50 = 0.39 µM *) | ||
Dm-AMP1 | ELCEKASKTWSGNCGNTGHCDNQCKSWEGAAHGACHVRNGKHMCFCYFNC (P0C8Y4) | 46 | 4997.63/6.87 | Dahlia merckii (Asteraceae) | B. cinerea K1147 (IC50 = 2.17 µM *); Cladosporium sphaerospermum K0791 (IC50 = 0.54 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = (0.18–0.9) µM *); Leptosphaeria maculans LM36uea (IC50 = 0.27 µM *); Penicillium digitatum K0879 (IC50 = 0.36 µM *); Trichoderma viride K1127 (IC50 = 18.1 µM *); Septoria tritici K1097 (IC50 = 0.18 µM *); Verticillium alboatrum K0937 (IC50 = 0.72 µM *) | [63] |
Dm-AMP2 | EVCEKASKTWSGNCGNTGHC | 20 | 2111.33/6.36 | B. cinerea K1147 (IC50 = 1.81 µM *); C. sphaerospermum K0791 (IC50 = 0.54 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = 0.54 µM *); L. maculans LM36uea (IC50 = 0.18 µM *); P. digitatum K0879 (IC50 = 0.36 µM *); T. viride K1127 (IC50 = 18.1 µM *); S. tritici K1097 (IC50 = 0.18 µM *); V. albo-atrum K0937 (IC50 = 0.36 µM *) | ||
AhPDF1.1 | QRLCEKPSGTWSGVCGNNGACRNQCIRLEKARHGS | 51 | 5707.65/7.74 | Arabidopsis helleri (Brassicaceae) | F. oxysporum (MIC = 0.6 µM) | [64] |
At-AFP1 | KLCERPSGTWSGVCGNSNACKNQCINLEKARHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYFPC (P30224) | 50 | 5539.44/7.53 | Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) | Alternaria brassicicola MUCL 20,297 (IC50 =1.8 µM *); B. cinerea MUCL 30,158 (IC50 = 0.7 µM *); F. culmorum IMI 180,420 (IC50 = 0.54 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici MUCL 909 (IC50 = 0.54 µM *); Pyricularia oryzae MUCL 30,166 (IC50 = 0.05 µM *); Verticillium dahliae MUCL 6963 (IC50 = 0.27 µM *) | [29] |
AtPDF2.3 | RTCESKSHRFKGPCVSTHNCANVCHNEGFGGGKCRGFRRRCYCTRHC (Q9ZUL7) | 49 | 5348.15/8.49 | B. cinerea B05-10 (IC50 = 5.8 µM); B. cinerea R16 (IC50 = 5.8 µM); F. oxysporum 5176 (IC50 = 4.4 µM); F. culmorum MUCL 30,162 (IC50 = 1.0 µM); V. dahliae MUCL 19,210 (IC50 = 4.4 µM); F. graminearum PH-1 (IC50 = 1.4 µM) | [65] | |
Hc-AFP1 | RYCERSSGTWSGVCGNSGKCSNQCQRLEGAAHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYYPC (G8GZ62) | 50 | 5483.21/7.33 | Heliophila coronopifolia (Brassicaceae) | B. cinerea (IC50 = 4.56 µM *); Fusarium solani (IC50 = 4.56 µM *) | [66] |
Hc-AFP2 | QKLCERPSGTWSGVCGNNNACRNQCINLEKARHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYFPC (G8GZ63) | 51 | 5722.61/7.54 | B. cinerea (IC50 = (1.75–2.62) µM *); F. solani (IC50 = (1.75–2.62) µM *) | ||
Hc-AFP3 | RYCERSSGTWSGVCGNTDKCSSQCQRLEGAAHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYYPC (G8GZ64) | 50 | 5528.24/7.09 | B. cinerea (IC50 = (3.62–4.52) µM *); F. solani (IC50 = 4.52 µM *) | ||
Hc-AFP4 | QKLCERPSGTWSGVCGNNGACRNQCIRLERARHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYFPC (G8GZ65) | 51 | 5735.66/7.75 | B. cinerea (IC50 = (2.61–3.49) µM *); F. solani (IC50 = (0.87–1.74) µM *) | ||
Rs-AFP1 | QKLCERPSGTWSGVCGNNNACKNQCINLEKARHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYFPC (P69241) | 51 | 5694.60/7.53 | R. sativus (Brassicaceae) | A. brassicicola MUCL 20,297 (IC50 = 2.64 µM *); B. cinerea MUCL 30,158 (IC50 = 1.41 µM *); F. culmorum IMI 180,420 (IC50 = 0.88 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici MUCL 909 (IC50 = 5.28 µM *); P. oryzae MUCL 30,166 (IC50 = 0.05 µM *); V. dahliae MUCL 6963 (IC50 = 0.88 µM *) | [29] |
Ascochyta pisi (IC50 = 0.88 µM *); C. beticola (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (IC50 = 17.61 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi (IC50 = 2.64 µM *); Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. fijiensis (IC50 = 0.7 µM *); Nectria haematococca (IC50 = 1.06 µM *); Phoma betae (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (IC50 = 0.53 µM *); P. oryzae (IC50 = 0.05 µM *); Rhizoctonia solani (IC50 = 17.61 µM *); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (IC50 = 3.52 µM *); Septoria nodorum (IC50 = 3.52 µM *); Trichoderma hamatum (IC50 = 1.06 µM *); V. dahliae (IC50 = 0.88 µM *) | [67] | |||||
Rs-AFP2 | QKLCQRPSGTWSGVCGNNNACKNQCIRLEKARHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYFPC (P30230) | 51 | 5735.70/7.94 | B. cinerea K1147 (IC50 = 1.75 µM *); C. sphaerospermum K0791 (IC50 = 0.52 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = 0.26 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = 0.87 µM *); L. maculans LM36uea (IC50 = 2.1 µM *); P. digitatum K0879 (IC50 = 0.26 µM *); T. viride K1127 (IC50 = 5.25 µM *); S. tritici K1097 (IC50 = 0.26 µM *); V. albo-atrum K0937 (IC50 = 2.1 µM *) | [63] | |
A. brassicicola MUCL 20,297 (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); B. cinerea MUCL 30,158 (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); F. culmorum IMI 180,420 (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici MUCL 909 (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); P. oryzae MUCL 30,166 (IC50 = 0.7 µM *); V. dahliae MUCL 6963 | [29] | |||||
A. pisi (IC50 = 0.7 µM *); C. beticola (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); C. lindemuthianum (IC50 = 0.52 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. Pisi (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); M. fijiensis var. fijiensis (IC50 = 0.26 µM *); N. haematococca (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); P. betae (IC50 = 0.17 µM *); P. tritici-repentis (IC50 = 0.26 µM *); R. solani (IC50 = 17.49 µM *); S. sclerotiorum (IC50 = 17.49 µM *); S. nodorum (IC50 = 2.62 µM *); T. hamatum (IC50 = 0.35 µM *); V. dahliae (IC50 = 0.26 µM *); Venturia inaequalis (IC50 = 4.37 µM *) | [67] | |||||
Defensin-like protein 4 | QKLCERSSGTWSGVCGNNNACKNQCINLEGARHGSCNYIFPYHRCICYFPC (O24331) | 51 | 5747.58/7.33 | A. brassicicola (IC50 = 0.87 µM *); B. cinerea (IC50 = 1.57 µM *); F. culmorum (IC50 = 1.92 µM *) | [68] | |
Defensin-like protein 3 | KLCERSSGTWSGVCGNNNACKNQCIRLEGAQHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYFPC (O24332) | 50 | 5499.34/7.33 | A. brassicicola (IC50 = 0.36 µM *); B. cinerea (IC50 = 0.36 µM *); F. culmorum (IC50 = 0.36 µM *) | ||
Sa-AFP2 | QKLCQRPSGTWSGVCGNNNACRNQCINLEKARHGSCNYVFPAHKCICYFPC (P30232) | 51 | 5721.63/7.74 | S. alba (Brassicaceae) | A. brassicicola MUCL 20,297 (IC50 = 0.79 µM *); B. cinerea MUCL 30,158 (IC50 = 0.61 µM *); F. culmorum IMI 180,420 (IC50 = 0.4 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici MUCL 909 (IC50 = 0.4 µM *); P. oryzae MUCL 30,166 (IC50 = 0.05 µM *); V. dahliae MUCL 6963 (IC50 = 0.21 µM *) | [29] |
WT1 | QKLCEKSSGTWSGVCGNNNACKNQCINLEGARHGSCNYIFPYHRCICYFPC (Q9FS38) | 51 | 5719.56/7.33 | Eutrema japonicum (Brassicaceae) | Magnaporthe grisea (IC50 = 0.87 µM *); B. cinerea (IC50 = 3.5 µM *) | [69] |
Sm-AMP-D1 | KICERASGTWKGICIHSNDCNNQCVKWENAGSGSCHYQFPNYMCFCYFDC (C0HL82) | 50 | 5763.55/6.28 | Stellaria media L. (Caryophyllaceae) | Bipolaris sorokiniana 6/10 (IC50 = 0.5 µM); F. oxysporum 16/10 (IC50 = 0.35 µM); F. graminearum VKM F-1668 (IC50 = 0.52 µM); Fusarium avenaceum VKM F-2303 (IC50 = 0.52 µM); B. cinerea SGR-1 (IC50 = 1.0 µM); P. betae VKM F-2532 (IC50 = 0.52 µM); Pythium debaryanum VKM F-1505 (IC50 = 1.0 µM) | [70] |
Sm-AMP-D2 | KICERASGTWKGICIHSNDCNNQCVKWENAGSGSCHYQFPNYMCFCYFNC (C0HL83) | 50 | 5762.57/6.77 | B. sorokiniana 6/10 (IC50 = 0.5 µM); F. oxysporum 16/10 (IC50 = 0.35 µM); F. graminearum VKM F-1668 (IC50 = 0.52 µM); F. avenaceum VKM F-2303 (IC50 = 0.52 µM); B. cinerea SGR-1 (IC50 = 1.0 µM); P. betae VKM F-2532 (IC50 = 0.52 µM); P. debaryanum VKM F-1505 (IC50 = 1.0 µM) | ||
So-D2 | GIFSSRKCKTPSKTFKGICTRDSNCDTSCRYEGYPAGDCKGIRRRCMCSKPC | 52 | 5803.79/8.34 | S. oleracea (Chenopodiaceae) | F. culmorum (IC50 = 0.2 µM); F. solani (IC50 = 11 µM); Colletotrichum lagenarium (IC50 = 11 µM); Bipolaris maydis (IC50 = 6 µM) | [71] |
AB2 | RTCENLANTYRGPCITTGSCDDHCKNKEHLRSGRCRDDFRCW | 47 | 5469.18/7.33 | Adzuckia angularia (Fabaceae) | B. cinerea (IC50 = 3.5 µM) | [72] |
Beta-astratide bM1 | CEKPSKFFSGPCIGSSGKTQCAYLCRRGEGLQDGNCKGLKCVCAC | 45 | 4734.58/7.52 | Astragalus membranaceus (Fabaceae) | F. oxysporum CICC 2532 (IC50 = 4.92 µM *); Alternaria alternata CICC 2465 (IC50 = 4.75 µM *); R. solani CICC 40,259 (IC50 = 27.52 µM *); Curvularia lunata CICC 40,301 (IC50 = 0.57 µM *) | [73] |
Coccinin | KQTENLADTY (P84785) | 10 | 1182.25/4.19 | Phaseolus coccineus cv. ‘Major’ (Fabaceae) | F. oxysporum (MIC = 81 µM); B. cinerea (MIC = 109 µM); R. solani (MIC = 134 µM); Mycosphaerella arachidicola (MIC = 75 µM) | [74] |
Phaseococcin | KTCENLADTYKGPPPFFTTG | 20 | 2187.46/6.03 | P. coccineus cv. ‘Minor’ (Fabaceae) | F. oxysporum (MIC = 89 µM); B. cinerea (MIC = 102 µM); R. solani (MIC = 140 µM); M. arachidicola (MIC = 70 µM) | [75] |
Ct-AMP1 | NLCERASLTWTGNCGNTGHCDTQCRNWESAKHGACHKRGNWKCFCYFNC (Q7M1F2) | 49 | 5613.32/7.33 | Clitoria ternatea (Fabaceae) | B. cinerea K1147 (IC50 = 3.56 µM *); C. sphaerospermum K0791 (IC50 = 1.07 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (PDB medium) (IC50 = 1.78 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (SMF medium) (IC50 = 0.11 µM *); L. maculans LM36uea (IC50 = =1.07 µM *); P. digitatum K0879 (IC50 = 3.56 µM *); T. viride K1127 (IC50 = 17.81 µM *); S. tritici K1097 (IC50 = 0.36 µM *); V. albo-atrum K0937 (IC50 = 0.36 µM *) | [63] |
Gymnin | KTCENLADDY (P84200) | 10 | 1171.25/3.8 | Gymnocladus chinensis (Fabaceae) | F. oxysporum (IC50 = 2 µM); Cercospora arachidicola (IC50 = 10 µM) | [76] |
Lc-def | KTCENLSDSFKGPCIPDGNCNKHCKEKEHLLSGRCRDDFRCWCTRNC (B3F051) | 47 | 5449.23/7.08 | Lens culinaris (Fabaceae) | Aspergillus niger VKM F-2259 (IC50 = 18.5 µM); Aspergillus versicolor VKM F-1114 (IC50 = 18.5 µM); B. cinerea VKM F-3700 (IC50 = 9.25 µM); F. culmorum VKM F-844 (IC50 = (18.5–37.0) µM) | [77] |
Limenin | KTCENLADTYKGPCFTTGGCDDHCKNKEHLLSGRCRDDFRCWCTRNC | 47 | 5403.12/6.77 | Phaseolus limensis (Fabaceae) | B. cinerea (MIC = 2.9 µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = 2.1 µM); M. arachidicola (MIC = 0.34 µM) | [78] |
Limyin | KTCENLATYYRGPCF | 15 | 1766.03/7.51 | F. solani (IC50 = 8.6 µM) | [79] | |
Ms-Def1 (alfAFP) | RTCENLADKYRGPCFSGCDTHCTTKENAVSGRCRDDFRCWCTKRC (Q4G3V1) | 45 | 5194.90/7.32 | Medicago sativa (Fabaceae) | F. graminearum (IC50 = (1.2–2.3) µM *) | [80] |
F. graminearum PH-1 (IC50 = (2–4) µM *); F. graminearum PH-1 (MIC > 6 µM) | [56] | |||||
V. dahliae (MIC = 1 µM *) | [81] | |||||
Mt-Def2 | KTCENLADKYRGPCFSGCDTHCTTKENAVSGRCRDDFRCWCTKRC (Q5YLG8) | 45 | 5166.89/7.32 | M. Truncatula (Fabaceae) | F. graminearum PH-1 (IC50 = (0.75–1) µM) | [56] |
F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis 7F-3 (IC50 = 0.7 µM); F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis 31F-3 (IC50 = 1.9 µM); Phoma medicaginis STC (IC50 = 0.3 µM); P. medicaginis WS-2 (IC50 = 2.6 µM); Clavibacter insidiosus (IC50 = 0.1 µM) | [35] | |||||
Mt-Def4 | RTCESQSHKFKGPCASDHNCASVCQTERFSGGRCRGFRRRCFCTTHC (G7L736) | 47 | 5343.08/7.97 | F. graminearum PH-1 (IC50 = (0.75–1) µM) | [56] | |
F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis 7F-3 (IC50 = 0.7 µM); F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis 31F-3 (IC50 = 1.9 µM); P. medicaginis STC (IC50 = 0.3 µM); P. medicaginis WS-2 (IC50 = 2.6 µM) | [35] | |||||
PsD1 | KTCEHLADTYRGVCFTNASCDDHCKNKAHLISGTCHNWKCFCTQNC (P81929) | 46 | 5208.93/6.81 | Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) | A. niger EK0197 (IC50 = 2.3 µM *); A. versicolor 40028LMR/INCQS (IC50 = 1 µM *); Fusarium moniliforme 2414UFPe (IC50 = 4.2 µM *); F. oxysporum 2665UFPe (IC50 = 19.2 µM *); F. solani 2389UFPe (IC50 = 2.3 µM *) | [82] |
PsD2 | KTCENLSGTFKGPCIPDGNCNKHCRNNEHLLSGRCRDDFRCWCTNRC (P81930) | 47 | 5404.15/7.33 | A. niger EK0197 (IC50 = 1.9 µM *); A. versicolor 40028LMR/INCQS (IC50 = 0.06 µM *); F. moniliforme 2414UFPe (IC50 = 1.85 µM *); F. oxysporum 2665UFPe (IC50 = 18.5 µM *); F. solani 2389UFPe (IC50 = 1.57 µM *) | ||
PvD1_PTA2c | KTCENLADTYKGPCFTTGSCDDHCKNKEHLRSGRCRDDFRCWCTKNC (F8QXP9) | 47 | 5448.16/7.08 | Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) | F. solani (IC50 = 18.35 µM *); Fusarium laterithium (IC50 = 18.35 µM *); R. solani (IC50 = 18.35 µM *); F. oxysporum (IC50 = 18.35 µM *) | [83] |
B. cinerea (IC50 = 1 µM) | [72] | |||||
P. vulagris white cloud defensin | KTCENLADTFRGPCFATSNCDDHCKNKEHLLSGRCRDDFRCWCTRNC | 47 | 5472.18/6.77 | P. vulgaris cv. “white cloud bean” (Fabaceae) | B. cinerea (MIC = 2.8 µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = 2.3 µM); M. arachidicola (MIC = 0.72 µM) | [84] |
Sesquin | KTCENLADTY (P84868) | 10 | 1157.27/4.19 | Vigna unguiculate (Fabaceae) | B. cinerea (IC50 = 2.5 µM); F. oxysporum (IC50 = 1.4 µM); M. arachidicola (IC50 = 0.15 µM) | [85] |
SPE10 | KTCENLADTFRGPCFTDGSCDDHCKNKEHLIKGRCRDDFRCWCTRNC (Q6B519) | 47 | 5500.24/6.77 | Pachyrhizus erosus (Fabaceae) | Aspergillus flavus (IC50 = 5.45 µM *); A. niger (IC50 = 8.18 µM *); B. maydis (IC50 = 2.73 µM *); B. cinerea (IC50 = 18.18 µM *); Colletotrichum gloeosporides (IC50 = 18.18 µM *); F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersic (IC50 = 18.18 µM *); F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (IC50 = 18.18 µM *); Penicillium spp. (IC50 = 18.18 µM *); Rhizopus stolonifer (IC50 = 18.18 µM *); V. dahliae (IC50 = 18.18 µM *) | [86] |
TvD1 | KTCENLADTYRGPCFTTGSCDDHCKNKEHLLSGRCRDDFRCWCTKRC (Q2KM12) | 47 | 5475.23/7.09 | Tephrosia villosa (Fabaceae) | Nothopassalora personata (MIC = 2.05 µM *); F. oxysporum (MIC = 5.12 µM *); Fusarium verticillioides (MIC = 5.12 µM *); B. cinerea (MIC = 5.12 µM *); Curvularia sp (MIC = 5.12 µM *); R. solani (MIC = 7.78 µM *) | [87] |
VaD1 | KTCMTKKEGWGRCLIDTTCAHSCRKQGYKGGNCKGMRRTCYCLLDC (A0A0S3QXX7) | 46 | 5209.23/8.12 | Vigna angularis (Fabaceae) | F. oxysporum (IC50 = 5.76 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi (IC50 = 10.21 µM *) | [88] |
VrD1 | RTCMIKKEGWGKCLIDTTCAHSCKNRGYIGGNCKGMTRTCYCLVNC (Q6T418) | 46 | 5122.15/7.92 | Vigna radiata (Fabaceae) | F. oxysporum (IC50 = 1.1 µM *); F. oxysporum CCRC 35,270 (IC50 = 3.4 µM *); F. oxysporum f. sp. Pisi (IC50 = 2.4 µM *); P. oryzae (IC50 = 4 µM *); R. solani (IRTCENLADKYRGPCFSGCDTHCTTKENAVSGRCRDDFRCWCTKRCC50 = 17.7 µM *) | [89] |
PgD1 | RTCKTPSGKFKGVCASSNNCKNVCQTEGFPSGSCDFHVANRKCYCSKPCP (Q6RSS6) | 50 | 5377.21/7.91 | Picea glauca (Pinaceae) | Nectria galligena (MIC = 2.6 µM *); F. oxysporum (MIC = 2.6 µM *) | [51] |
PgD5 | RMCESQSHKFKGYCASSSNCKVVCQTEKFLTGSCRDTHFGNRRCFCEKPC | 50 | 5729.62/7.72 | F. oxysporum (MIC = 1.92 µM *); V. dahliae (MIC = 0.35 µM *); B. cinerea (MIC = 0.7 µM *) | ||
PsDef1 | RMCKTPSGKFKGYCVNNTNCKNVCRTEGFPTGSCDFHVAGRKCYCYKPCP (A4L7R7) | 50 | 5601.58/8.12 | Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) | F. solani UKM F-50639 (IC50 = 0.16 µM *); F. oxysporum UKM F-52897 (IC50 = 0.52 µM *); B. cinerea UKM F-16753 (IC50 = 0.07 µM *) | [90] |
Ec-AMP-D1 | RECQSQSHRYKGACVHDTNCASVCQTEGFSGGKCVGFRGRCFCTKAC (P86518) | 47 | 5107.82/7.54 | Echinochloa crusgalli (Poaceae) | F. graminearum (IC50 = 2.94 µM *); F. verticillioides (IC50 = 1.66 µM *); Diplodia maydis (IC50 = 2.45 µM *); F. oxysporum (IC50 = 19.97 µM *) | [91] |
Ec-AMP-D2 | RECQSQSHRYKGACVHDTNCASVCQTEGFSGGKCVGFRGRCFCTKHC (P86519) | 47 | 5173.89/7.54 | F. oxysporum (IC50 = 19.71 µM *) | ||
Pp-AMP1 | KSCCRSTQARNIYNAPRFAGGSRPLCALGSGCKIVDDKKTPPND | 44 | 4697.39/8.61 | Phyllostachys pubescens (Poaceae) | F. oxysporum IFO 6384 (IC50 = 0.43 µM *) | [92] |
Pp-AMP2 | KSCCRSTTARTARVPCAKKSNIYNGCRVPGGCKIQEAKKCEPPYD | 45 | 4919.76/8.52 | F. oxysporum IFO 6384 (IC50 = 0.41 µM *) | ||
Sd1 | RYCLSQSHRFKGLCMSSSNCANVCQTENFPGGECKADGATRKCFCKKIC (B2CNV2) | 49 | 5412.32/7.72 | Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae) | A. niger (IC50 = 2.0 µM); F. solani (IC50 = 1.0 µM) | [93] |
Sd3 | RHRHCFSQSHKFVGACLRESNCENVCKTEGFPSGECKWHGIVSKCHCKRIC | 51 | 5864.82/7.73 | A. niger (IC50 = 1.0 µM); F. solani (IC50 > 20 µM) | ||
Sd5 | HTPTPTPICKSRSHEYKGRCIQDMDCNAACVKESESYTGGFCNGRPPFKQCFCTKPCKRERAAATLRWPGL (A0A1B3B2K6) | 71 | 7967.21/7.91 | A. niger (IC50 > 20 µM); F. solani (IC50 = 10 µM) | ||
SI alpha-1 | RVCMGKSQHHSFPCISDRLCSNECVKEEGGWTAGYCHLRYCRCQKAC (P21923) | 47 | 5382.26/7.33 | Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) | B. cinerea K1147 (IC50 = 18.58 µM *); C. sphaerospermum K0791 (IC50 = 14.86 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = 37.16 µM *); P. digitatum K0879 (IC50 = 37.16 µM *); T. viride K1127 (IC50 = 9.29 µM *) | [63] |
Tk-AMP-D1 | RTCQSQSHKFKGACFSDTNCDSVCRTENFPRGQCNQHHVERKCYCERDC (P84963) | 49 | 5744.40/7.1 | Triticum kiharae (Poaceae) | F. graminearum (IC50 = 5.22 µM *); F. verticillioides (IC50 = 5.22 µM *) | [91] |
ZmD32 | RTCQSQSHRFRGPCLRRSNCANVCRTEGFPGGRCRGFRRRCFCTTHC (A0A317Y7J2) | 47 | 5466.33/10.85 | Zea mays (Poaceae) | F. graminearum PH-1 (IC50 = 1 µM) | [94] |
ZmESR6 | KLCSTTMDLLICGGAIPGAVNQACDDTCRNKGYTGGGFCNMKIQRCVCRKPC (D1MAH4) | 52 | 5516.57/7.52 | F. oxysporum f.sp. Conglutinans (IC50 = 3 µM); F. oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici (IC50 = 3 µM); Plectosphaerella cucumerina (IC50 = 2 µM) | [95] | |
Fa-AMP1 | AQCGAQGGGATCPGGLCCSQWGWCGSTPKYCGAGCQSNCK (P0DKH7) | 40 | 3887.42/7.07 | Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonaceae) | F. oxysporum IFO 6384 (IC50 = 4.89 µM *) | [96] |
Fa-AMP2 | AQCGAQGGGATCPGGLCCSQWGWCGSTPKYCGAGCQSNCR (P0DKH8) | 40 | 3915.44/7.07 | F. oxysporum IFO 6384 (IC50 = 7.41 µM *) | ||
Ns-D1 | KFCEKPSGTWSGVCGNSGACKDQCIRLEGAKHGSCNYKPPAHRCICYYEC (P86972) | 50 | 5487.32/7.32 | Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) | A. niger VKM F-33 (IC50 = 0.64 µM *); B. sorokiniana VKM F-1446 (IC50 = 0.55 µM *); F. oxysporum (IC50 = 1.73 µM *); F. graminearum VKM F-1668 (IC50 = 1.26 µM *; F. culmorum VKM F-2303 (IC50 = 1.26 µM *); B. cinerea (IC50 = 4.99 µM *) | [97] |
Ns-D2 | KFCEKPSGTWSGVCGNSGACKDQCIRLEGAKHGSCNYKLPAHRCICYYEC (P86973) | 50 | 5503.36/7.32 | A. niger VKM F-33 (IC50 = 0.64 µM *); B. sorokiniana VKM F-1446 (IC50 = 0.33 µM *); F. oxysporum (IC50 = 0.96 µM *); F. graminearum VKM F-1668 (IC50 = 1.25 µM *); F. culmorum VKM F-2303 (IC50 = 1.25 µM *); B. cinerea (IC50 = 2.49 µM *) | ||
Ah-AMP1 | LCNERPSQTWSGNCGNTAHCDKQCQDWEKASHGACHKRENHWKCFCYFNC (Q7M1F3) | 50 | 5863.53/6.82 | Aesculus hippocastanum (Sapindaceae) | B. cinerea K1147 (IC50 = 4.26 µM *); C. sphaerospermum K0791 (IC50 = 0.85 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = 2.05 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = 0.12 µM *); L. maculans LM36uea (IC50 = 0.09 µM *); P. digitatum K0879 (IC50 = 1.02 µM *); T. viride K1127 (IC50 = 17.05 µM *); S. tritici K1097 (IC50 = 0.85 µM *); V. albo-atrum K0937 (IC50 = 1.02 µM *) | [63] |
Hs-AFP1 | DGVKLCDVPSGTWSGHCGSSSKCSQQCKDREHFAYGGACHYQFPSVKCFCKRQC (P0C8Y5) | 54 | 5948.76/7.32 | Heuchera sanguinea (Saxifragaceae) | B. cinerea K1147 (IC50 = 1 µM *); C. sphaerospermum K0791 (IC50 = 0.2 µM *); F. culmorum K0311 (IC50 = 0.2 µM *); L. maculans LM36uea (IC50 = 4.2 µM *); P. digitatum K0879 (IC50 = 0.2 µM *); T. viride K1127 (IC50 = 2.5 µM *); S. tritici K1097 (IC50 = 0.1 µM *); V. albo-atrum K0937 (IC50 = 1 µM *) | |
NaD1 | RECKTESNTFPGICITKPPCRKACISEKFTDGHCSKILRRCLCTKPC (Q8GTM0) | 47 | 5304.37/7.91 | Nicotiana alata (Solanaceae) | A. niger 5181 (IC50 = 2.1 ± 0.76 µM); A. flavus 5310 (IC50 > 10 µM); F. oxysporum f.sp. Vasinfectum (IC50 = 1.5 ± 0.25 µM); F. graminearum (IC50 = 0.4 ± 0.3 µM); Colletotrichum graminicola (IC50 = 4.4 ± 0.1 µM); Aspergillus parasiticus 4467 (IC50 = 4.5 ± 0.27 µM) | [98] |
V. dahliae (IC50 = 0.75 µM); Thielaviopsis basicola (IC50 = 1 µM); Aspergillus nidulans (IC50 = 0.8 µM); Puccinia coronata f.sp. Avenae (IC50 = 2.5 µM); Puccinia sorghi (IC50 = 2 µM) | [99] | |||||
NaD2 | RTCESQSHRFKGPCARDSNCATVCLTEGFSGGDCRGFRRRCFCTRPC (A0A1B2YLI5) | 47 | 5264.02/7.76 | F. oxysporum f.sp. Vasinfectum (IC50 = 8.3 µM); F. graminearum (IC50 = 2 µM); V. dahliae (IC50 > 10 µM); T. basicola (IC50 = 7 µM); A. nidulans (IC50 = 5 µM); P. coronata f.sp. Avenae (IC50 = 4 µM); P. sorghi (IC50 = 5 µM) | ||
PhD1 | ATCKAECPTWDSVCINKKPCVACCKKAKFSDGHCSKILRRCLCTKEC (Q8H6Q1) | 47 | 5211.33/7.67 | Petunia hybrida (Solanaceae) | F. oxysporum (MIC = (0–0.38) µM *); B. cinerea (MIC = (0.38–1.92) µM *) | [100] |
PhD2 | GTCKAECPTWEGICINKAPCVKCCKAQPEKFTDGHCSKILRRCLCTKPC (Q8H6Q0) | 49 | 5403.55/7.52 | F. oxysporum (MIC = (0.38–1.92) µM *); B. cinerea (MIC = (0.38–1.92) µM *) | ||
Vv-AMP1 | RTCESQSHRFKGTCVRQSNCAAVCQTEGFHGGNCRGFRRRCFCTKHC (D7TAI4) | 47 | 5355.13/8.24 | Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) | F. oxysporum ATCC 10,913 (IC50 = 1.12 µM *); V. dahliae ATCC 96,522 (IC50 = 0.34 µM *); F. solani (IC50 = 1.79 µM *); B. cinerea (IC50 = 2.43 µM *) | [101] |
Invertebrate defensin | ||||||
AgDef1 | ATCDLASGFGVGSSLCAAHCIARRYRGGYCNSKAVCVCRN (B2FZB7) | 40 | 4141.80/7.82 | Anopheles gambiae (Insecta) | F. culmorum (MIC = (3–6) µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = (1.5–3) µM) | [30] |
Defensin ARD1 | DKLIGSCVWGAVNYTSNCNAECKRRGYKGGHCGSFANVNCWCET (P84156) | 44 | 4803.43/7.24 | Archaeoprepona demophon (Insecta) | Aspergillus fumigatus GASP 4707 (MIC = 2.6 µM *) | [102] |
DEFC | ATCDLLSGFGVGDSACAAHCIARRNRGGYCNAKKVCVCRN (P81603) | 40 | 4161.84/7.81 | Aedes aegypti (Insecta) | F. culmorum (MIC = (50–100) µM) | [30] |
Drosomycin | DCLSGRYKGPCAVWDNETCRRVCKEEGRSSGHCSPSLKCWCEGC (P41964) | 44 | 4897.59/6.75 | Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta) | B. cinerea MUCL 30,158 (IC50 = 1.2 µM); F. culmorum IMI 180,420 (IC50 = 1.0 µM); A. brassicicola MUCL 20,297 (IC50 = 0.9 µM); Alternaria longipes CBS 62,083 (IC50 = 1.4 µM); N. haematococca CollectionVanEtten160-2-2 (IC50 = 1.8 µM); F. oxysporum MUCL 909 (IC50 = 4.2 µM); A. pisi MUCL 30,164 (IC50 = 3.2 µM) | [103] |
Gm defensin-like peptide | DKLIGSCVWGATNYTSDCNAECKRRGYKGGHCGSFWNVNCWCEE (P85215) | 44 | 4949.53/6.21 | Galleria mellonella (Insecta) | A. niger (MIC = (1.4–2.9) µM); Trichoderma harzianum (MIC = (1.4–2.9) µM) | [104] |
Galleria defensin | DTLIGSCVWGATNYTSDCNAECKRRGYKGGHCGSFLNVNCWCE (P85213) | 43 | 4720.29/6.2 | F. oxysporum (MIC = (8.5–16.9) µM); A. niger (MIC = (1.1–2.1) µM); T. harzianum (MIC = (2.1–4.2) µM) | ||
Heliomicin | DKLIGSCVWGAVNYTSDCNGECKRRGYKGGHCGSFANVNCWCET (D3G9G5) | 44 | 4790.39/6.87 | Heliothis virescens (Insecta) | F. culmorum IMI 180,420 (MIC = (0.2–0.4) µM); F. oxysporum MUCL 909 (MIC = (1.5–3.0) µM); N. haematococca 160.2.2 (MIC = (0.4–0.8) µM); A. fumigatus (MIC = (6–12) µM); T. viride MUCL 19,724 (MIC = (1.5–3) µM) | [105] |
PduDef | ATCDLLSAFGVGHAACAAHCIGHGYRGGYCNSKAVCTCRR (P83404) | 40 | 4101.74/7.55 | Phlebotomus duboscqi (Insecta) | A. fumigatus (MIC = 12.5–25 µM); F. culmorum (MIC = 1.56–3.12 µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = 3.12–6.25 µM); T. viride (MIC = 3.12–6.25 µM) | [30] |
Phormicin | ATCDLLSGTGINHSACAAHCLLRGNRGGYCNGKGVCVCRN (P10891) | 40 | 4066.69/7.55 | Protophormia terraenovae (Insecta) | F. culmorum IMI 180,420 (MIC = 3 µM); F. oxysporum MUCL 909 (MIC = 6 µM) | [105] |
F. culmorum (MIC = (1.5–3.0) µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = (3–6) µM); N. haematococca (MIC = (0.8–1.5) µM); T. viride (MIC = (6–12) µM) | [106] | |||||
PxDef | RIPCQYEDATEDTICQQHCLPKGYSYGICVSYRCSCV | 37 | 4233.84/5.27 | Plutella xylostella (Insecta) | B. cinerea (MIC = 15.0 µM); Penicillium crustosum (MIC = 13.0 µM); Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. (MIC = 17.3 µM); Colletotrichum orbiculare (MIC = 12.5 µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = 8.0 µM) | [107] |
Royalisin | VTCDLLSFKGQVNDSACAANCLSLGKAGGHCEKGVCICRKTSFKDLWDKRF (P17722) | 51 | 5525.45/7.5 | Apis mellifera (Insecta) | B. cinerea (MIC = 4.9 µM *) | [108] |
Termicin | ACNFQSCWATCQAQHSIYFRRAFCDRSQCKCVFVRG (P82321) | 36 | 4221.89/7.82 | Pseudacanthotermes springer (Insecta) | F. culmorum (MIC = (0.2–0.4) µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = (0.8–1.5) µM); N. haematococca (MIC = (0.05–0.1) µM); Trichoderma viridae (MIC = (6–12) µM) | [106] |
Cg-Def | GFGCPGNQLKCNNHCKSISCRAGYCDAATLWLRCTCTDCNGKK (Q4GWV4) | 43 | 4642.40/7.53 | Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia) | B. cinerea (MIC > 20 µM); P. crustosum (MIC > 20 µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = 9 µM) | [109] |
MGD-1 | GFGCPNNYQCHRHCKSIPGRCGGYCGGWHRLRCTCYRC (P80571) | 38 | 4351.07/7.99 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia) | F. oxysporum (MIC = 5 µM) | [110] |
DefMT3 | GYYCPFRQDKCHRHCRSFGRKAGYCGNFLKRTCICVKK (A0A089VRA3) | 38 | 4531.39/9.09 | Ixodes ricinus (Arachnida) | F. culmorum (IC50 = 4 µM); F. graminearum 8/1 (IC50 = 4 µM) | [36] |
DefMT5 | GFFCPYNGYCDRHCRKKLRRRGGYCGGRWKLTCICIMN | 38 | 4533.43/9.11 | F. culmorum (IC50 = 4 µM); F. graminearum 8/1 (IC50 = 4 µM) | ||
DefMT6 | GFGCPLNQGACHNHCRSIKRRGGYCSGIIKQTCTCYRK | 38 | 4217.95/8.76 | F. culmorum (IC50 = 12 µM); F. graminearum 8/1 (IC50 = 2 µM) | ||
Holosin 2 | GFGCPLNQRACHRHCRSIGRRGGFCAGLIKQTCTCYRK (A0A5C1Z8V5) | 38 | 4256.05/9.39 | Ixodes holocyclus (Arachnida) | F. graminearum PH-1 (MIC = 5 µM) | [111] |
Holosin 3 | GFGCPNEWRCNAHCKRNRFRGGYCDSWFRRRCHCYG (A0A5C1ZAY3) | 36 | 4400.01/8.59 | F. graminearum PH-1 (MIC = 5 µM) | ||
Juruin | FTCAISCDIKVNGKPCKGSGEKKCSGGWSCKFNVCVKV (B3EWQ0) | 38 | 4012.80/7.99 | Avicularia juruensis (Arachnida) | A. niger (MIC= (5–10) µM) | [112] |
Scapularisin-3 | AFGCPFDQGTCHSHCRSIRRRGERCSGFAKRTCTCYQK (B7Q4Z2) | 38 | 4355.00/8.49 | Ixodes scapularis (Arachnida) | F. culmorum (IC50 = 0.5 µM); F. graminearum 8/1 (IC50 = 1 µM) | [113] |
Scapularisin-6 | GFGCPFDQGACHRHCQSIGRRGGYCAGFIKQTCTCYHN (Q5Q979) | 38 | 4180.76/7.55 | F. culmorum (IC50 = 1 µM); F. graminearum 8/1 (IC50 = 2 µM) | ||
Vertebrate defensin | ||||||
Hepcidin-1 (Hepcidin-6) | CRFCCRCCPRMRGCGLCCRF | 20 | 2374.04/7.77 | Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Sparidae) | A. niger CGMCC 3.316 (MIC = 20–40 µM); F. graminearum CGMCC 3.3490 (MIC = 20–40 µM); F. solani CGMCC 3.5840 (MIC = 20–40 µM) | [114] |
Hepcidin-2 | SPAGCRFCCGCCPNMRGCGVCCRF (Q68M56) | 24 | 2531.12/7.33 | A. niger CGMCC 3.316 (MIC= 40–60 µM); F. graminearum CGMCC 3.3490 (MIC > 60 µM); F. solani CGMCC 3.5840 (MIC > 60 µM) | ||
Hepcidin | GCRFCCNCCPNMSGCGVCCRF (P82951) | 21 | 2263.79/7.08 | A. niger (MIC = 44 µM) | [115] | |
Crotamine | YKQCHKKGGHCFPKEKICLPPSSDFGKMDCRWRWKCCKKGSG (Q9PWF3) | 42 | 4889.85/8.58 | Crotalus durissus terrificus (Viperidae) | A. fumigatus IOC 4526 (MIC >25.5 µM *) | [116] |
Spheniscin-2 | SFGLCRLRRGFCARGRCRFPSIPIGRCSRFVQCCRRVW (P83430) | 38 | 4507.47/11.47 | Aptenodytes patagonicus (Spheniscidae) | A. fumigatus (MIC= (3–6) µM) | [117] |
Human drosomycin-like defensin | CLAGRLDKQCTCRRSQPSRRSGHEVGRPSPHCGPSRQCGCHMD | 43 | 4751.43/8.15 | Homo sapiens (Hominidae) | A. fumigatus ATCC MYA1163 (MIC = 6.25 µM); A. nidulans AZN 2867 (MIC = 6.25 µM); Aspergillus ustus (MIC = 12.5 µM); F. solani AZN 6836 (MIC = 25 µM); F. oxysporum (MIC = 6.25 µM) | [118] |
Fungus defensin | ||||||
AFP | ATYNGKCYKKDNICKYKAQSGKTAICKCYVKKCPRDGAKCEFDSYKGKCYC (P17737) | 51 | 5805.86/8.34 | Aspergillus giganteus (Trichocomaceae) | Fusarium sporotrichioides IfGB 39/1601 (MIC = 0.02 µM *); F. moniliforme IfGB 39/1402 (MIC = 0.02 µM *); A. niger ATCC 9029 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); A. niger NRRL 372 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); A. niger IfGB 15/1803 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); Fusarium equiseti IfGB 39/0701 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); Fusarium lactis IfGB 39/0701 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); F. oxysporum IfGB 39/1201 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); Fusarium proliferatum IfGB 39/1501 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); Fusarium sp. IfGB 39/1101 (MIC = 0.17 µM *); Aspergillus awamori ATCC 22,342 (MIC = 0.34 µM *); F. oxysporum f.sp. lini IfGB 39/0801 (MIC = 1.38 µM *); Fusarium bulbigenum IfGB 39/0301 (MIC = 1.72 µM *); F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum IfGB 39/1301 (MIC = 1.72 µM *); F. solani IfGB 39/1001 (MIC = 20.67 µM *); Fusarium poae IfGB 39/0901 (MIC = 31 µM *); A. nidulans DSM 969 (MIC = 34.45 µM *); A. nidulans G191 (MIC = 34.45 µM *); A. giganteus IfGB 15/0903 (MIC = 68.90 µM *); A. giganteus MDH 18,894 (MIC = 68.90 µM *); Fusarium aquaeductuum IfGB 39/0101 (MIC = 68.90 µM *); F. culmorum IfGB 39/0403 (MIC = 68.90 µM *) | [119] |
PAFB | LSKFGGECSLKHNTCTYLKGGKNHVVNCGSAANKKCKSDRHHCEYDEHHKRVDCQTPV (D0EXD3) | 58 | 6500.36/7.74 | Penicillium chrysogenum (Trichocomaceae) | A. fumigatus (MIC = 0.25 µM); A. niger (MIC = 0.50 µM); Aspergillus terreus (MIC = 1 µM) | [120] |
PAF | AKYTGKCTKSKNECKYKNDAGKDTFIKCPKFDNKKCTKDNNKCTVDTYNNAVDCD (Q01701) | 55 | 6250.08/7.89 | A. fumigatus (MIC = 1 µM); A. niger (MIC = 0.25 µM); A. terreus (MIC = 32 µM) | ||
AnAFP | LSKYGGECSVEHNTCTYLKGGKDHIVSCPSAANLRCKTERHHCEYDEHHKTVDCQTPV (A2QM98) | 58 | 6517.29/6.24 | A. niger (Trichocomaceae) | A. flavus KCTC 1375 (MIC = 8 µM); A. fumigatus KCTC 6145 (MIC = (4–8) µM); F. oxysporum KCTC 6076 (MIC = (8–15) µM); F. solani KCTC 6326 (MIC = 8 µM) | [121] |
AcAFP | ATYDGCKCYKKDNICKYKAQSGKT (D3Y2M3) | 24 | 2717.14/8.43 | Aspergillus clavatus (Trichocomaceae) | F. oxysporum (MIC = 8.57 µM *); F. oxysporum (IC50 = 1.25 µM *) | [122] |
NFAP | LEYKGECFTKDNTCKYKIDGKTYLAKCPSAANTKCEKDGNKCTYDSYNRKVKCDFRH (A1D8H8) | 57 | 6625.56/7.92 | Neosartorya fischeri (Trichocomaceae) | A. niger (MIC = (3.77–15.09) µM *); A. nidulans (MIC = 30.19 µM *) | [123] |
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Leannec-Rialland, V.; Atanasova, V.; Chereau, S.; Tonk-Rügen, M.; Cabezas-Cruz, A.; Richard-Forget, F. Use of Defensins to Develop Eco-Friendly Alternatives to Synthetic Fungicides to Control Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Mycotoxins. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030229
Leannec-Rialland V, Atanasova V, Chereau S, Tonk-Rügen M, Cabezas-Cruz A, Richard-Forget F. Use of Defensins to Develop Eco-Friendly Alternatives to Synthetic Fungicides to Control Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Mycotoxins. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(3):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030229
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeannec-Rialland, Valentin, Vessela Atanasova, Sylvain Chereau, Miray Tonk-Rügen, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, and Florence Richard-Forget. 2022. "Use of Defensins to Develop Eco-Friendly Alternatives to Synthetic Fungicides to Control Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Mycotoxins" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 3: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030229