Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organism (Number of Cases) | Clinical Presentation |
---|---|
Subcutaneous infections: | |
Alternaria spp. (37) | Subcutaneous masses, animals (26) |
Subcutaneous nodules in humans (11) following SOT (6) | |
Coccidioides immitis (1) | Joint infection (knee) |
Curvularia sp. (1) | Soft tissue infection |
Emarellia grisea (1) | Fungal lesion, hand |
Exophiala sp. (1) | Shin nodule |
Exophiala campbellii (1) | Subcutaneous cyst |
Exophiala dermatitidis (1) | Subcutaneous swelling and skin plaques, foot |
Exophiala jeanselmii (1) | Subcutaneous mass |
Exophiala lecanii-corni (1) | Cutaneous plaques and papules, arm |
Exophiala oligosperma (1) | Subcutaneous nodules |
Exophiala xenobiotica (3) | Infected ganglion (1), hand lesion (1), fungal mass in cat (1) |
Exserohilum rostratum (1) | Nasal mass |
Falciformispora tompkinsii (1) | Phaeohyphomycosis |
Fonsecaea monomorpha (2) | Subcutaneous lesion (1), chromoblastomycosis (1) |
Fusarium oxysporum complex (1) | Joint infection (knee) |
Fusarium solani complex (1) | Eumycetoma |
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata (1) | Fungal abscess, foot. |
Leptospora sp. (1) | Joint infection (knee) |
Madurella mycetomatis (3) | Eumycetoma (3) |
Madurella pseudomycetomatis (2) | Eumycetoma (2) incl. 1 in renal transplant patient |
Medicopsis romeroi (6) | Eumycetoma (3) |
Foot “ulcer” (1) | |
Arm lesion, post renal transplant (1) | |
Foot lesion, post renal transplant (1) | |
Microascus murinus (1) | Foot lesion |
Ochroconis tshawytschae (1) | Fungal keratitis |
Parathyridaria percutanea (2) | Skin nodules, renal transplant patient (1), skin lesions elbows and knees (1) |
Phaeoacremonium spp. (1) | Cystic lesions |
Phaeoacremonium parasiticum (1) | Foot lesion |
Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum (2) | Subcutaneous lesions in renal transplant patient (2) |
Phaeoisaria clematidis (1) | Arm abscess |
Phialemoniopsis curvata (1) | Skin nodule (foot), post renal transplant |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina (1) | Tissue post tissue expanders |
Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea (1) | Achilles abscess |
Rhytidhysteron rufulum (1) | Ankle lesion |
Sarocladium bactrocephalum (1) | Joint infection |
Scedosporium apiospermum (10) | Subcutaneous nodules/lesions (7) post renal transplant (1) |
Joint infection (3) | |
Scedosporium aurantiacum (1) | Soft tissue infection |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) | Joint infection (1) |
Sporothrix brasiliensis (1) | Skin lesion/ulcer after cat scratch |
Traumatic keratomycosis: | |
Alternaria spp. (5) | |
Cladophialophora boppii (1) | |
Curvularia hawaiiensis (1) | |
Scedosporium apiospermum (3) | |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) |
Organism (Case Number) | Identification Method | Site | Clinical Presentation |
---|---|---|---|
Cladophialophora boppii | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 70y, query fungal keratitis |
Coccidioides immitis | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Joint fluid | M 86y, Joint infection (knee) |
Curvularia sp. | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Corneal scrape | M 40y, microbial keratitis |
Curvularia hawaiiensis | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot tissue | M 68y, open dislocation of foot, RTA accident, Cambodia |
Emarellia grisea | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Hand tissue | M 45y, Fungal lesion hand, site of previous eumycetoma |
Exophiala sp. | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Elbow tissue | M 73y, keratotic, ulcerated lesion 6 months |
Exophiala campbellii | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Subcutaneous cyst | F 68y, encapsulated palmar cyst, confirmed by PCR of tissue |
Exophiala dermatitidis | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 58y, Subcutaneous swelling, confirmed by PCR of tissue |
Exophiala jeanselmii | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Subcutaneous mass | F 45y, fluid aspirated from foot swelling |
Exophiala lecanii-corni | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Skin biopsy | M 78y, cutaneous plaques/papules, arm; fungal elements seen |
Exophiala oligosperma | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Skin biopsy | F 52y, subcutaneous nodule, shin; fungal elements seen x2, isolated twice 5 mo |
Exophiala xenobiotica (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | F 11y CAT, right hind mass; fungal elements seen |
Exophiala xenobiotica (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, Hand | M 88y, infected ganglion |
Exophiala xenobiotica (3) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue biopsy | M 69, large mass on arm |
Exserohilum rostratum | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Nasal tissue | M 50y, right nasal fungal mass |
Falciformispora tompkinsii | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 62y, phaeohyphomycosis of leg; confirmed by PCR of tissue, serum BDG +ve |
Fonsecaea monophora (1) | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 74y, wrist lesion |
Fonsecaea monophora (2) | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Skin biopsy | M 59y, chromoblastomycosis, lesions > 20 y; histology positive |
Fusarium oxysporum * | Panfungal PCR of fluid | Knee fluid | F 25y, joint infection/ haematoma (knee); PCR positive for same organism 2 months later |
Fusarium solani * | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 47y, eumycetoma, foreign body removal; isolated twice |
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 82y, fungal abscess, foot.; isolated 4 times over 4 months, fungal elements seen on each occasion |
Leptospora sp. | Panfungal PCR of fluid | Synovial fluid | F 56y, joint infection, swollen knee |
Madurella mycetomatis (1) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Finger biopsy | F 28y, black grain eumycetoma; grains seen in tissue, PCR +ve on second sample |
Madurella mycetomatis (2) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Foot tissue | M 30y, chronic eumycetoma of foot; black grains seen |
Madurella mycetomatis (3) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot biopsy | M 50y, eumycetoma of foot, previous penetrating injury, Sudan |
M. pseudomycetomatis (1) | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Foot tissue | F 67y, eumycetoma of foot 18 months, previous renal transplant |
M. pseudomycetomatis (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot tissue | U 27y, eumycetoma surgically resected |
Medicopsis romeroi (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Bone, foot | F 69y, eumycetoma previous diagnosis, treatment failure |
Medicopsis romeroi (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Foot Tissue | M 60y, dark grain eumycetoma; isolated twice over 3 months |
Medicopsis romeroi (3) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Skin biopsy | M 68y, immunocompromised with foot “ulcer” |
Medicopsis romeroi (4) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Arm tissue | M 35y, arm lesion, post renal transplant |
Medicopsis romeroi (5) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Toe tissue | M 59y, soft tissue infection, post renal transplant |
Medicopsis romeroi (6) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue/fluid | F 62y, no additional details given |
Microascus murinus | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Biopsy, sole of foot. | M 58y, foot lesion; isolated twice |
Ochroconis tshawytschae | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Eye | M 57y, Corneal infection |
Parathyridaria percutanea (1) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue biopsy | F 31y, skin nodules, renal transplant patient; pigmented fungal elements seen on histology |
Parathyridaria percutanea (2) | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue, leg | F 50y, nodules knees and feet for 4 months; ex-Somalia, BDG +ve, |
Previous liver transplant, confirmed by isolation of organism | |||
Phaeoacremonium spp. | Phenotypic ID of isolate | Fluid, Toe and knee | M 63y, cystic lesions on toes, knee infection; isolated x5 over 6 month period |
Ph. parasiticum | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue foot | M 52y, mass forefoot > 2 yrs |
Ph. rubrigenum (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Aspirate, finger | F 71y, lesion index finger, renal transplant; isolated twice over 6 month period |
Ph. rubrigenum (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 57y, thigh lesion, renal transplant; isolated x3 over 5 months |
Phaeoisaria clematidis | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 46y, Abscess in arm; Nigerian |
Phialemoniopsis curvata | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, foot | M 68y, nodule on foot, post renal transplant; confirmed by PCR of tissue, histology positive, Travel to Nigeria |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 32y, unwell post tissue expanders |
Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 41y, chronic Achilles abscess |
Rhytidhysteron rufulum | Panfungal PCR of tissue | Tissue biopsy | M 33y, lump right ankle, suspect mycetoma; isolate also recovered |
Sarocladium bactrocephalum | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Tissue biopsy | M 54y, joint infection |
Sced. apiospermum (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, finger | F 89y, index finger flexor sheath abscess |
Sced. apiospermum (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, joint | F 74y, septic arthritis |
Sced. apiospermum (3) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Fluid, knee | F 75y, intrapatellar bursitis |
Sced. apiospermum (4) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue biopsy | F 68y, cellulitis forearm, post renal transplant |
Sced. apiospermum (5) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue swab | M 70y, enlarging sore after gardening wound |
Sced. apiospermum (6) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, forearm | M 68y, multiple abscesses forearm, glioblastoma |
Sced. apiospermum (7) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, leg | M 83y, cellulitis right leg |
Sced. apiospermum (8) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, hand | M 76y, Right hand wound, AML; isolated twice over 3 weeks |
Sced. apiospermum (9) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, thigh | F 71y, thigh lesion |
Sced. apiospermum (10) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, wrist | F 60y, dorsal wrist mass and synovitis > 2 yrs |
Sced. apiospermum (11) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 40y, fungal keratitis |
Sced. apiospermum (12) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 65y, superficial fungal keratitis |
Sced. apiospermum (13) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Eye | M 63y, no additional clinical details provided |
Scedosporium aurantiacum | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Tissue, ankle | F 63y, fungal mass, wound rotten wood; isolated twice over 7 d |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Aspirate, wrist | M 81y, infected wrist joint, “low immunity” |
Scedosporium de hoogii (2) | MALDI-ToF MS of isolate | Corneal scrape | F 67y, fungal keratitis with corneal ulcer |
Sporothrix brasiliensis | rDNA sequencing of isolate | Pus | M 28y, skin lesions/ulcers after cat scratch; Brazilian cat imported into UK, histology positive |
Organism | MIC (mg/L) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMB | VRC | ITC | PSC | AND | NAT | OTHER | |
Cladophialophora boppii | 1 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | 4 | - |
Curvularia sp. | 0.25 | 1 | 0.25 | nd | nd | 1 | - |
Curvularia hawaiiensis | 0.125 | 0.5 | nd | 0.06 | nd | nd | - |
Emarellia grisea | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | - |
Exophiala campbellii | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.125 | <0.015 | nd | - |
Exophiala jeanselmei | 1 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Exophiala lecanii-corni | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 | nd | nd | ISC = 2 |
Exophiala oligosperma | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.06 | nd | nd | |
Exophiala xenobiotica (1) | 0.5 | 4 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Exophiala xenobiotica (2) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Exserohilum rostratum | 0.25 | 1 | 0.5 | nd | 0.06 | nd | - |
Fonsecaea monomorpha | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | nd | nd | ISC = 0.06 |
Fusarium solani | 4 | 4 | >16 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata | 1 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | <0.015 | nd | ISC = 0.25 |
Madurella mycetomatis | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.125 | nd | 4 | nd | - |
Madurella pseudomycetomatis | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 4 | nd | - |
Medicopsis romeroi (1) | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | nd | 0.5 | nd | |
Medicopsis romeroi (2) | 0.5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | nd | TRB = 0.125 |
Medicopsis romeroi (3) | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.06 | 0.06 | nd | nd | ISC = 0.25 |
Medicopsis romeroi (4) | nd | 1 | >16 | 0.25 | nd | nd | TRB = 0.06 |
Microascus murinus | 0.5 | 8 | 0.5 | nd | 0.5 | nd | - |
Parathyridaria percutanea | 0.25 | 2 | >16 | nd | 2 | nd | - |
Phaeoacremonium spp. | 0.5 | 0.125 | 4 | nd | 8 | nd | - |
Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum (1) | 0.5 | 0.125 | 1 | nd | nd | 2 | - |
Phaeoacremonium rubrigenum (2) | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.25 | nd | nd | ISC = 1 |
Phaeoacremonium parasiticum | 1 | 0.5 | >16 | 0.5 | 8 | nd | ISC = 0.5 |
Phaeoisaria clematidis | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.125 | nd | TRB = 0.125 |
Phialemoniopsis curvata | nd | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Plectosphaerella cucumerina | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea | nd | nd | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | NYT = 4 |
Rhytidhysteron rufulum | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.06 | <0.03 | nd | nd | - |
Sarocladium bactrocephalum | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.25 | nd | 4 | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (1) | 1 | 0.5 | 4 | nd | 2 | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (2) | 4 | 0.5 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (3) | 4 | 0.25 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (4) | 2 | 0.5 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | TRB = >16 |
Scedosporium apiospermum (5) | 4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (6) | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (7) | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (8) | 2 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (9) | 4 | 0.125 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (10) | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | nd | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (11) | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | 2 | - |
Scedosporium apiospermum (12) | 4 | 0.5 | 4 | nd | nd | 4 | ECZ = 2 |
Scedosporium apiospermum (13) | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | nd | nd | 2 | ECZ = 0.5 |
Scedosporium aurantiacum | 16 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.5 | nd | nd | - |
Scedosporium de hoogii (1) | 8 | 0.25 | 1 | 1 | 8 | nd | - |
Scedosporium de hoogii (2) | 2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | nd | nd | 2 | - |
Sporothrix brasiliensis | 0.5 | 16 | 0.5 | 0.5 | nd | nd | ISC = 4 |
Case (Year) | ID | Site | Clinical Presentation |
---|---|---|---|
Isolates recovered from clinical material and susceptibility testing was requested/performed: | |||
1 (2016) | PT | Tissue, knee | M 66y, right knee lesion following renal transplant |
2 (2017) | rD | Tissue, thigh | M 57y, lesion right thigh following hand transplant |
3 (2017) | MT | Tissue | M 66y, subcutaneous phaeohyphomycotic cyst |
4 (2020) | MT | Tissue, thigh | M 69y, purple nodule on right thigh |
5 (2019) | MT | Tissue, knee | F 36y, left knee ulcer following renal transplant |
6 (2018) | PT | Corneal scrape | F 23y, fungal keratitis |
7 (2020) | PT | Corneal scrape | M 52y, fungal keratitis |
8 (2018) | PT | Corneal scrape | F 66y, fungal keratitis |
9 (2020) | MT | Tissue, nose | F, CAT, dermatitis on nose, fungal elements seen |
10 (2017) | PT | Tissue, ear | F, CAT, fungal granuloma excised from ear pinna, fungal elements seen |
11 (2020) | PT | Tissue | M, CAT, recurrent pyogranulomatous dermatitis with abundant fungal elements |
Confirmed by PCR on tissue | |||
12 (2020) | PT | Skin biopsy | F, DOG, multiple skin nodules |
Isolates recovered from clinical material but susceptibility testing was not requested: | |||
13 (2021) | rD | Tissue | F 67y, no clinical details provided |
14 (2019) | PT | Corneal scrape | M 59y, corneal graft following chemical injury |
15 (2021) | MT | Corneal scrape | M 59y, keratitis following corneal abrasion |
16 (2019) | PT | Tissue biopsy | U, CAT, Fungal mycetoma |
17 (2017) | PT | Tissue biopsy | M, CAT, cutaneous fungal granuloma on nose |
18 (2021) | PT | Tissue biopsy | M 4y, CAT, swollen nose, fungal elements seen |
19 (2021) | PT | Tissue biopsy | F 6y, CAT. Ulcerated nodule nose, fungal elements seen |
20 (2016) | PT | Tissue biopsy | M CAT, nasal mass, fungal elements seen |
21 (2017) | PT | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, fungal granuloma on nose, fungal elements seen |
Independent isolation from second biopsy | |||
22 (2018) | PT | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, nasal mass, fungal elements seen |
23 (2020) | PT | Tissue, nose | U, CAT, fungal granuloma on nose |
24 (2017) | PT/rD | Tissue, leg | F, DOG, immunosuppressed, multifocal abscesses on legs and paws, |
Phaeohyphomycosis on histology. Confirmed by direct PCR on tissue, two furtherindependent isolations, direct microscopy positive on all samples | |||
25 (2017) | rD | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, fungal mass bridge of nose, fungal elements seen on histology and direct |
examination of tissue | |||
26 (2019) | PT | Tissue, foot | M, CAT, metatarsal and digital lesions, fungal elements seen on direct examination |
27 (2017) | PT | Tissue | M, CAT, fungal mass, mycotic granuloma on histology, fungal elements seen on |
direct examination | |||
Diagnosis made solely by panfungal PCR of tissue (no isolate was recovered for further analyses): | |||
28 (2020) | PCR | Tissue, thigh | M 59y, thigh lesion following renal transplant |
29 (2019) | PCR | Skin Biopsy | U, 57y, no clinical details provided |
30 (2016) | PCR | Tissue, leg | M 39y, leg lesion following renal transplant |
31 (2018) | PCR | Tissue Biopsy | F 61y, granulomatous fungal folliculitis post-transplant |
32 (2017) | PCR | Skin biopsy | M 64y, Crohns, purple ulcerated papules following rose thorn injury |
33 (2016) | PCR | Tissue | M, CAT, no clinical details provided |
34 (2017) | PCR | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, no clinical details provided |
35 (2018) | PCR | Tissue, foot | M, CAT, solitary cutaneous mass on paw, histology-confirmed fungal granuloma |
36 (2020) | PCR | Tissue, nose | M, CAT, nasal mass >2yrs, recurred post-antifungal treatment (itraconazole) |
37 (2020) | PCR | Punch biopsy | M, CAT, no clinical details provided. Repeat PCR positive on separate sample |
38 (2020) | PCR | Biopsy, ear | M, DOG, mass left pinna |
39 (2020) | PCR | Biopsy | M 5y, CAT. no clinical details provided |
40 (2020) | PCR | Biopsy, nose | M 11y, CAT, cutaneous fungal granuloma on muzzle |
41 (2021) | PCR | Biopsy, nose | M 11y, DOG, nose mass, mycotic granuloma associated with foreign material |
42 (2021) | PCR | Biopsy, nose | M 9y, CAT, nasal mass |
Isolate Number | MIC (mg/L) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMB | ITC | VRC | PSC | ISC | AND | TRB | NAT | |
1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.06 | 4 | <0.015 | 0.25 | 2 |
2 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 8 | 0.06 | 16 | <0.015 | 4 | nd |
3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | <0.03 | 0.25 | nd | nd | 4 | nd |
4 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.125 | nd | 0.125 | nd | nd |
5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 16 | 0.5 | 16 | nd | 0.5 | nd |
6 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2 |
7 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | 2 |
8 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 0.25 | nd | nd | nd | 2 |
9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 8 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
10 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 8 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
11 | nd | 0.25 | 4 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
12 | nd | 0.5 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.125 | nd |
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Borman, A.M.; Fraser, M.; Patterson, Z.; Linton, C.J.; Palmer, M.; Johnson, E.M. Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040343
Borman AM, Fraser M, Patterson Z, Linton CJ, Palmer M, Johnson EM. Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(4):343. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040343
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorman, Andrew M., Mark Fraser, Zoe Patterson, Christopher J. Linton, Michael Palmer, and Elizabeth M. Johnson. 2022. "Fungal Infections of Implantation: More Than Five Years of Cases of Subcutaneous Fungal Infections Seen at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 4: 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040343