High-Throughput Microbial Community Analyses to Establish a Natural Fungal and Bacterial Consortium from Sewage Sludge Enriched with Three Pharmaceutical Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Selective Pressure Experiments
2.2.1. Setting the Flask Content for Selective Pressure Experiments
2.2.2. Setting the Pharmaceutical Pressure of the Flask Experiment
2.3. Analysis of Fungal and Bacterial Communities by Illumina MiSeq Sequencing
2.3.1. Sample Preparation and DNA Isolation
2.3.2. Sequencing Analysis
2.3.3. Data and Bioinformatic Analysis
2.4. Fungal and Bacterial Strains Isolation after Selective Pressure Experiment
2.4.1. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Fungal and Bacterial Strains
2.4.2. Biodegradation Experiments of the Isolated Microorganisms
2.5. Chromatographic Analyses
2.5.1. Characterization of Emerging Contaminants by LC/MS-QTOF in Sewage Sludge Samples
2.5.2. HPLC Analyses of the Removal of PhACs during Pressure Experiment and Biodegradation Experiments
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Occurrence of Emerging Pollutants in Sewage Sludge Samples
3.2. Shift of Microbial Population during Selective Pressure Experiments
3.3. Effect of the Sewage Sludge and the Medium for the Selection of Microorganisms
3.4. Pharmaceutical Active Compounds (PhACs) Removal during Selective Pressure Experiment
3.5. Isolation of Microorganisms after Selective Pressure
3.6. Biodegradation Experiments Using the Isolated Strains
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Formula | CAS Number | Application | rSS (ng/g, d.w.) | dSS (ng/g, d.w.) | RSD (%) | Percentage of Removal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetaminophen | C8H9NO2 | 103-90-2 | Analgesic | 45.3 | 31.8 | 20.3 | 29.9 |
Acridone | C13H9NO | 578-95-0 | Antiviral agent | 3.9 | 0.3 | 13.0 | 91.3 |
Amlodipine | C20H25ClN2O5 | 88150-42-9 | Cardiovascular | BLOQ | 148.3 | 6.4 | |
Atenolol | C14H22N2O3 | 29122-68-7 | 48.7 | 0 | 100.0 | ||
1.2.3-Benzotriazole | C6H5N3 | 95-14-7 | Drug precursor | 448.9 | 773.9 | 13.0 | −72.4 |
Caffeine | C8H10N4O2 | 58-08-2 | Stimulant | BLOQ | 37.6 | 43.2 | |
Carbamazepine | C15H12N2O | 298-46-4 | Antiepileptic | 8.7 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 23.6 |
Carbamazepine-10.11-epoxide | C15H12N2O2 | 36507-30-9 | Carbamazepine metabolite | 13.5 | 16.8 | 5.3 | −24.4 |
Chlorpromazine | C17H19ClN2S | 50-53-3 | Antipsychotics | 8.4 | 9.3 | 14.3 | −11.0 |
Dexamethasone | C22H29FO5 | 50-02-2 | Analgesic (corticosteroids) | 117.8 | 148.7 | 29.3 | −26.2 |
Diclofenac | C14H11Cl2NO2 | 15307-86-5 | Analgesic | 17.3 | 38.9 | 16.4 | −124.7 |
Diltiazem | C22H26N2O4S | 42399-41-7 | Cardiovascular | 17.5 | 3.1 | 9.6 | 82.0 |
Estrone | C18H22O2 | 53-16-7 | Hormone | 302.7 | 18.1 | 25.7 | 94.0 |
Fenofibrate | C20H21ClO4 | 49562-28-9 | Cardiovascular | 142.4 | 318.5 | 35.2 | −123.7 |
Fluoxetine | C17H18F3NO | 54910-89-3 | Antidepressant | 57.5 | 135.9 | 1.8 | −136.4 |
Ketamine | C13H16ClNO | 6740-88-1 | Anesthetic | 1.0 | 0.6 | 41.9 | 37.6 |
Ketoprofen | C16H14O3 | 22071-15-4 | Analgesic | 10.0 | 5.7 | 11.1 | 42.6 |
Lamotrigine | C9H7Cl2N5 | 84057-84-1 | Antiepileptic. | 4.9 | 5.7 | 9.7 | −17.0 |
Loratadine | C22H23ClN2O2 | 79794-75-5 | Antihistamine | 4.2 | 0 | 100.0 | |
Lormetazepam | C16H12Cl2N2O2 | 848-75-9 | Anxiolytic, sedative | 9.8 | 12.0 | 8.0 | −22.7 |
Mephedrone | C11H15NO | 1189805-46-6 | Stimulant drug | 313.0 | 18.1 | 6.4 | 94.2 |
Methadone | C21H27NO | 76-99-3 | Stimulant drug | 54.6 | 24.4 | 24.0 | 55.3 |
Metoprolol | C15H25NO3 | 37350-58-6 | Cardiovascular | 11.5 | 21.7 | 15.6 | −88.9 |
Oxazepam | C15H11N2O2Cl | 604-75-1 | Anxiolytic | 20.7 | 17.7 | 6.3 | 14.8 |
Paroxetine | C19H20FNO3 | 61869-08-7 | Antidepressant | 54.1 | 121.9 | 17.5 | −125.2 |
Propranolol | C16H21NO2 | 525-66-6 | Cardiovascular | 33.5 | 44.1 | 17.2 | −31.7 |
Sertraline | C17H17Cl2N | 79617-96-2 | Antidepressant | 1100.0 | 864.4 | 3.5 | 21.4 |
Sulfapyridine | C11H11N3O2S | 144-83-2 | Antibiotic | 10.9 | 7.5 | 18.9 | 31.7 |
Temazepam | C16H13ClN2O2 | 846-50-4 | Anxiolytic, sedative | 10.4 | 4.9 | 5.9 | 52.4 |
Triclocarban | C13H9Cl3N2O | 101-20-2 | Antiseptic | 24.6 | 34.1 | 21.7 | −38.5 |
Valsartan | C24H29N5O3 | 137862-53-4 | Cardiovascular | 58.2 | 112.3 | 8.8 | −93.0 |
Valsartan acid | C14H10N4O2 | Valsartan metabolite | 275.5 | 0 | 100.0 | ||
Venlafaxine | C17H27NO2 | 93413-69-5 | Antidepressant | 30.8 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 91.0 |
Zolpidem | C19H21N3O | 82626-48-0 | Insomnia treatment | 5.3 | 5.4 | 19.8 | −2.0 |
Isolate ID | >99% Database Similarity | Gene Bank Accession Number | Phylum | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fungal strains | H1 | Cladosporium cladosporioides | MT773569 | Ascomycota |
H2 | Cladosporium limoniforme | MT773579 | Ascomycota | |
H3 | Cladosporium halotolerans | MT773604 | Ascomycota | |
H4 | Alternaria alternata | MT776719 | Ascomycota | |
H5 | Aspergillus montevidensis | Ascomycota | ||
H6 | Penicillium raistrickii | Ascomycota | ||
H7 | Purpureocillium lilacinum | MT773618 | Ascomycota | |
Bacterial strains | C1 | Bacillus simplex | MT773382 | Firmicutes |
C2 | Corynebacterium efficiens | MT773417 | Actinobacteria | |
C3 | Corynebacterium humireducens | MT773419 | Actinobacteria | |
C4 | Gordonia hirsuta | MT773437 | Actinobacteria | |
M1 | Alcaligenes faecalis | MT773443 | Proteobacteria | |
K1 | Micrococcus yunnanensis | MT773451 | Actinobacteria | |
K4 | Enterococcus faecium | MT773438 | Firmicutes | |
T1 | Paenalcaligenes hominis | MT773452 | Proteobacteria | |
T4 | Oligella ureolytica | MT773453 | Proteobacteria | |
T15 | Sphingobacterium jejuense | MT773454 | Bacteroidetes | |
T19 | Staphylococcus hominis | MT773567 | Firmicutes |
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Ledezma-Villanueva, A.; Robledo-Mahón, T.; Gómez-Silván, C.; Angeles-De Paz, G.; Pozo, C.; Manzanera, M.; Calvo, C.; Aranda, E. High-Throughput Microbial Community Analyses to Establish a Natural Fungal and Bacterial Consortium from Sewage Sludge Enriched with Three Pharmaceutical Compounds. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070668
Ledezma-Villanueva A, Robledo-Mahón T, Gómez-Silván C, Angeles-De Paz G, Pozo C, Manzanera M, Calvo C, Aranda E. High-Throughput Microbial Community Analyses to Establish a Natural Fungal and Bacterial Consortium from Sewage Sludge Enriched with Three Pharmaceutical Compounds. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(7):668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070668
Chicago/Turabian StyleLedezma-Villanueva, Alejandro, Tatiana Robledo-Mahón, Cinta Gómez-Silván, Gabriela Angeles-De Paz, Clementina Pozo, Maximino Manzanera, Concepción Calvo, and Elisabet Aranda. 2022. "High-Throughput Microbial Community Analyses to Establish a Natural Fungal and Bacterial Consortium from Sewage Sludge Enriched with Three Pharmaceutical Compounds" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 7: 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070668