Structural Features and Immunomodulatory Effects of Water-Extractable Polysaccharides from Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals, Consumables and Raw Material
2.2. Preparative Methods
2.2.1. Alcohol-Insoluble Solids (AIS)
2.2.2. Water-Extractable PSC
2.3. Analytical Methods
2.3.1. General Methods
2.3.2. Determination of Monosaccharide Composition
2.3.3. Determination of Molecular Weight Distribution
2.3.4. Microbial Lipopolysaccharides
2.3.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.3.6. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
2.3.7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
2.4. Biological Methods
2.4.1. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Leukocytes
2.4.2. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production from Whole Blood Phagocytes (WBP) and Isolated Neutrophils
2.4.3. Nitric Oxide (NO) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Productions from RAW264.7 Cells
2.4.4. Cell Viability of RAW264.7 Cells
2.4.5. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
2.4.6. Prebiotic, Growth-Inhibitory and Antibiofilm Activities
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Primary Chemical Characterization of MP-PSC
3.2. FTIR Analysis
3.3. NMR Structural Analysis
3.4. Ex Vivo Effects on Human Leukocytes
3.5. In Vitro Effects on Murine Macrophages
3.6. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
3.7. Effects on Lactic Acid Bacteria and Pathogenic Bacteria
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Noncarbohydrate Compounds on the Immunomodulatory Effects of MP-PSC
4.2. Evaluation of MP as a Valuable Source of Immunomodulatory and Prebiotic PSs
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | MP-PSC |
---|---|
Yield in the dried fruiting bodies (%) | 2.9 |
Total carbohydrate content (%) | 74.1 ± 0.7 |
Total glycogen content (%) | 27.2 |
AUAC (%) 1 | 1.8 ± 0.02 |
Methanol content (w/w%) | n.f. 2 |
Acetyl content (w/w%) | 0.3 ± 0.005 |
Monosaccharide composition (w/w%) 3 | |
Fuc | 3.4 |
Xyl | 1.8 |
Man | 6.9 |
Gal | 19.7 |
Glc | 62.3 |
GlcA | 1.2 |
GalA | 1.3 |
3-O-Me-Gal | 2.7 |
GlcNAc | 0.7 |
Kdo 4 | n.f. |
Relative Mw (g/mol) 5 | 66.3 × 10 4 |
Total protein content (%) | 17.5 6 (12.7 ± 0.2) 7 |
Total phenolic content (%) | 1.7 ± 0.02 |
Residue | C-1 H-1 | C-2 H-2 | C-3 H-3 | C-4 H-4 | C-5 H-5 | C-6 H-6,6′ | CH3O- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
→1)-α-Glcp-(4→ | 102.6 5.36 | 74.4 3.63 | 76.0 3.95 | 80.1 3.63 | 74.1 3.61 | 63.4 3.87 | - |
→6)-α-Galp-(1→ | 100.7 4.98 | 71.1 3.84 | 72.4 3.89 | 72.4 4.02 | 71.7 4.18 | 69.4 3.70; 3.89 | - |
→6)-3-O-Me-α-Galp-(1→ | 100.7 4.98 | 70.4 3.89 | 81.7 3.53 | 68.1 4.27 | 71.7 4.18 | 69.4 3.70; 3.89 | 59.0 3.44 |
→2,6)-α-Galp-(1→ | 101.4 5.13 | 80.8 3.84 | 72.9 4.06 | 72.0 4.10 | 71.7 4.18 | 69.4 3.70; 4.00 | - |
α-Fucp-(1→ | 104.1 5.07 | 68.8 2 3.84 | 73.2 3.95 | 77.7 3.89 | 72.0 4.18 | 18.3 1.24 | - |
→4,6)-β-Manp-(1→ | 104.1 4.80 | 72.9 4.10 | 75.5 3.76 | 80.5 3.84 | 75.9 3.70 | 68.1 4.18 | - |
β-Manp-(1→ | 104.1 4.80 | 72.9 4.10 | 75.5 3.63 | 72.0 3.62 | 78.5 3.47 | 63.8 3.93 | - |
→4)-β-Manp-(1→ | 104.1 4.80 | 72.9 4.10 | 75.5 3.76 | 80.5 3.84 | 77.7 3.63 | 63.8 3.95 | - |
→4)-β-Glcp-(1→ | 105.7 4.52 | 76.0 3.33 | 78.5 3.75 | 83.9 3.73 | 77.7 3.63 | 63.4 3.95 | - |
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Georgiev, Y.N.; Vasicek, O.; Dzhambazov, B.; Batsalova, T.G.; Denev, P.N.; Dobreva, L.I.; Danova, S.T.; Simova, S.D.; Wold, C.W.; Ognyanov, M.H.; et al. Structural Features and Immunomodulatory Effects of Water-Extractable Polysaccharides from Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080848
Georgiev YN, Vasicek O, Dzhambazov B, Batsalova TG, Denev PN, Dobreva LI, Danova ST, Simova SD, Wold CW, Ognyanov MH, et al. Structural Features and Immunomodulatory Effects of Water-Extractable Polysaccharides from Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):848. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080848
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeorgiev, Yordan Nikolaev, Ondrej Vasicek, Balik Dzhambazov, Tsvetelina Georgieva Batsalova, Petko Nedyalkov Denev, Lili Ivaylova Dobreva, Svetla Trifonova Danova, Svetlana Dimitrova Simova, Christian Winther Wold, Manol Hristov Ognyanov, and et al. 2022. "Structural Features and Immunomodulatory Effects of Water-Extractable Polysaccharides from Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080848