Occurrence, Diversity and Anti-Fungal Resistance of Fungi in Sand of an Urban Beach in Slovenia—Environmental Monitoring with Possible Health Risk Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling of Sand and Seawater
2.2. Cultivation of Fungi and Storage of Viable Strains
2.3. DNA Extraction and Molecular Identification
2.4. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Selected Aspergillus Strains
2.5. Using Machine Learning to Relate Environmental Conditions and Fungal Profiles
2.6. Predictive Modelling
3. Results
3.1. Artificially Designed Sandy Beach Harbours a Great Diversity of Fungi
3.2. Differences in Diversity of Culturable Fungi in Seawater and Beach Sand
3.3. Machine Learning Models Reveal Connections between Environmental Changes and Fungal Presence
3.4. Factors Influencing the Stability of Fungal Community in Beach Sand
3.5. Potential Human Pollution Indicators for the Bathing Season
3.6. Aspergillus Niger Strains Isolated from Beach Sand Are Resistant to Amphotericin B
4. Discussion
4.1. Fungi Isolated from Seawater Differ from Sand Mycobiota
4.2. Fungal Abundance in Beach Sand Varies According to Seasonal Weather Conditions
4.3. Core Fungal Genera in the Sand Are Affected by the Seawater Temperature
4.4. Fungi in Sand as Possible Indicators of Anthropogenic Pollution during the Bathing Season
4.5. Beach Sand Harbours Amphotericin B-Resistant Strains of Aspergillus Section Nigri
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Identification | Genetic Barcode | EXF-No. 1 | GenBank No. | Month | Habitat | Biosafety Level(BSL) 5 | Other Characteristics or Role in Habitats 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acremonium masseei | ITS | EXF-14878 | MT280604 | August 2,3 | BS | No data | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Acremonium sp. | ITS | EXF-14657 | MT280605 | July 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Actinomucor elegans | ITS | EXF-14384 EXF-14449 EXF-14621 EXF-14845 EXF-14849 EXF-14639 | MT280606 MT280607 MT280608 MT280609 MT280610 MT280611 | February, April, June 2,3, July 2,3, August 2,3 | BS | BSL-2 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater, insect-related, potential human pollution indicator |
Albifimbria verrucaria | ITS | EXF-14006 EXF-14159 EXF-14548 EXF-14648 | MT280612 MT280613 MT280614 MT280615 | May 3, July 2,3, October 4, December | BS | BSL-1 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Alternaria sp. | ITS | EXF-13999 | MT280685 | October4 | SW | BSL-1 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aphanoascus fulvescens | ITS | EXF-14459 EXF-14870 EXF-14871 | MT280616 MT280617 MT280618 | April, September 2,3 | SW | BSL-2 | dermatophyte, “core-genus” in the sand |
Aphanoascus reticulisporus | ITS | EXF-14632 | MT280619 | June 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | dermatophyte,“core-genus” in the sand |
Aphanoascus terreus | ITS | EXF-13894 EXF-14308 EXF-14461 | MT280627 MT280628MT280629 | January, April, October 4 | BS | BSL-1 | dermatophyte,“core-genus” in the sand |
Arachniotus flavoluteus | ITS | EXF-14420 EXF-14458 EXF-14628 | MT280620 MT280621 MT280622 | March, April, June 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | dermatophyte |
Arthrographis curvata | ITS | EXF-14460 | MT280623 | April | BS | BSL-1 | dermatophyte |
Aspergillus calidoustus | benA | EXF-14640 | MT328464 | July 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus destruens | benA | EXF-14429 | MT328468 | February | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus flavus | benA | EXF-13896 EXF-14002 EXF-13898 EXF-13905 EXF-13907 EXF-14163 EXF-14011 EXF-14285 EXF-14296 EXF-14383 EXF-14389 EXF-14404 EXF-14862 | MT328469 MT328470 MT328471 MT328472 MT328473 MT328474 MT328475 MT328476 MT328477 MT328478 MT328479 MT328480 MT328481 | January, February, March, May 3, June 2,3, July 2,3, August 2,3, September 2,3, October 4, November, December | BS | BSL-2 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus floccosus | benA | EXF-14455 EXF-14615 | MT328455 MT328456 | April, June 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus jensenii | benA | EXF-14541 EXF-14542 | MT328465 MT328466 | May3 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus lentulus | ITS | EXF-13910 | MT280624 | October4 | BS | BSL-2 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus nidulans | benA | EXF-14003 EXF-13911 EXF-14014 EXF-14167 EXF-14298 EXF-14388 EXF-14392 EXF-14393 EXF-14405 EXF-14410 EXF-14452 EXF-14643 EXF-14850 EXF-14854 EXF-14465 | MT328430 MT328431 MT328432 MT328433 MT328434 MT328435 MT328436 MT328437 MT328438 MT328439 MT328440 MT328441 MT328442 MT328443 MT328444 | January, February, March, July 2,3, August 2,3, September 2,3, October 4, November, December | BS | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus niger | benA | EXF-14015 EXF-14297 EXF-14558 EXF-14618 EXF-14873 | MT328457 MT328458 MT328459 MT328460 MT328461 | January, May 3, June 2,3, August 2,3, November | BS | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus pseudoglaucus | benA | EXF-14397 | MT328467 | March | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus terreus | benA | EXF-14294 EXF-14387 EXF-14863 | MT328445 MT328446 MT328447 | January, February, September2,3 | BS | BSL-2 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus tubingensis | benA | EXF-14165 EXF-14289 EXF-14381 EXF-14453 EXF-14464 EXF-14555 EXF-14543 | MT328448 MT328449 MT328450 MT328451MT328452 MT328453 MT328454 | January, February, April, May3, December | BS, SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aspergillus welwitchiae | benA | EXF-14400 EXF-14864 | MT328462 MT328463 | March, September 2,3 | BS | No data | dematiaceous, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aureobasidium melanogenum | ITS | EXF-13886 | MT280686 | October4 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Aureobasidium pullulans | ITS | EXF-14611 EXF-14638 | MT280687 MT280688 | June 2,3, July 2,3 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Bisifusarium delphinoides | tef1 | EXF-14645 EXF-14166 | MT292641 MT292642 | July 2,3, December | BS | BSL-1 | “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Candida parapsilosis | LSU | EXF-13884 EXF-13882 EXF-13881 EXF-14282 EXF-14300 | MT273264 MT273265 MT273266 MT273267 MT273268 | October 4, December, January | BS | BSL-1 | colonising humans, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Candida tropicalis | LSU | EXF-14299 | MT273269 | January | BS | BSL-2 | colonising humans, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cephalotrichum gorgonifer | ITS | EXF-14630 | MT280625 | June 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | rock-inhabiting |
Chaetomidium fimeti | ITS | EXF-14301 | MT280626 | January | BS | BSL-1 | rock-inhabiting, dematiaceous, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cladosporium cladosporioides | act | EXF-13913 EXF-13912 EXF-14378 | MT292643 MT292644 MT292645 | February, October 4 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cladosporium halotolerans | act | EXF-14442 EXF-14443 EXF-14004 EXF-14562 | MT292646 MT292647 MT292648 MT292649 | April, May 3 | BS, SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides | act | EXF-13897 EXF-14379 | MT292650 MT292651 | February, October4 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cladosporium ramotenellum | act | EXF-13916 EXF-14380 | MT292652 MT292653 | February, October4 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cladosporium sphaerospermum | act | EXF-14540 | MT292656 | May3 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cladosporium tenellum | act | EXF-14001 | MT292654 | October4 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cladosporium velox | act | EXF-13914 | MT292655 | October 4 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Clonostachys rosea | ITS | EXF-14306 | MT280630 | January | BS | BSL-1 | insect-related, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Condenascus tortuosus | ITS | EXF-14287 EXF-14553 EXF-14554 EXF-14653 EXF-14844 EXF-14858 | MT280631 MT280632 MT280633 MT280634 MT280635 MT280636 | January, May 3, July 2,3, August 2,3, September 2,3 | BS | No data | indicator in bathing season, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Curvularia sp. | ITS | EXF-14855 EXF-14856 | MT280637 MT280638 | September 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Cystofilobasidium macerans | LSU | EXF-14427 | MT273278 | February | SW | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant |
Didymella glomerata | ITS | EXF-14613 | MT280689 | June 2,3 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Dipodascus geotrichum | ITS | EXF-14631 EXF-14624 | MT280640 MT280641 | June 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | colonising humans, plants |
Exophiala xenobiotica | ITS | EXF-13891 | MT280690 | October 4 | SW | BSL-1 | rock-inhabiting, dematiaceous, BTEX degrader, colonising humans, freshwater |
Furcasterigmium furcatum | ITS | EXF-14876 | MT280639 | August 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | rock-inhabiting, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Fusarium brachygibbosum | tef1 | EXF-14451 | MT292640 | April | BS | BSL-1 | “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Fusarium ipomoeae | tef1 | EXF-14157 | MT292639 | December | BS | BSL-1 | “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Fusarium nirenbergiae | tef1 | EXF-13888 EXF-14164 EXF-14385 EXF-14399 EXF-14411 EXF-14447 EXF-14448 EXF-14547 EXF-14549 EXF-14626 EXF-14641 EXF-14860 EXF-14843 | MT292623 MT292624 MT292625 MT292626 MT292627 MT292628 MT292629 MT292630 MT292631 MT292632 MT292633 MT292634 MT292635 | February, March, April, May 3, June 2,3, July 2,3, August 2,3, September 2,3, October 4, December | BS | BSL-1 | “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Fusarium solani | tef1 | EXF-14848 EXF-14005 EXF-14288 | MT292636 MT292637 MT292638 | January, August 2,3, October 4 | BS | BSL-2 | “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Geotrichum silvicola | ITS | EXF-14629 | MT280642 | June 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | colonising humans, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Gliomastix roseogrisea | ITS | EXF-14564 | MT280643 | May 3 | BS | BSL-1 | BTEX degrader, dematiaceous, insect-related, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Gloeotinia sp. | ITS | EXF-14407 EXF-14868 | MT280644 MT280645 | March, September 2,3 | BS | No data | psychrotolerant, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Hortaea werneckii | ITS | EXF-14000 | MT280691 | October 4 | SW | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, halophilic |
Humicola homopilata | ITS | EXF-14398 | MT280646 | March | BS | No data | rock-inhabiting, dematiaceous, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Lenzites betulinus | ITS | EXF-14377 | MT280692 | February | SW | No data | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Metarhizium marquandii | ITS | EXF-14305 | MT280647 | January | BS | BSL-1 | insect-related, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Meyerozyma caribbica | LSU | EXF-14647 EXF-14650 EXF-14655 EXF-14881 EXF-14867 EXF-13879 | MT273270 MT273271 MT273272 MT273273 MT273274 MT273275 | July 2,3, August 2,3, September 2,3, October 4 | BS | BSL-1 | colonising humans, colonising plants, soil, freshwater, potential human pollution indicator |
Meyerozyma guilliermondii | LSU | EXF-13885 | MT273279 | October 4 | SW | BSL-1 | colonising humans, colonising plants, soil, freshwater, potential human pollution indicator |
Microascus brevicaulis | ITS | EXF-14307 | MT280648 | January | BS | BSL-2 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Mucor circinelloides | ITS | EXF-14403 EXF-14853 EXF-14450 EXF-14847 | MT280649 MT280650 MT280651 MT280652 | March, April, August 2,3, September 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Neocosmospora rubicola | ITS | EXF-13893 | MT280653 | October 4 | BS | No data | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Neomicrosphaeropsis italica | ITS | EXF-14074 | MT280693 | November | SW | No data | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Ochroconis sp. | ITS | EXF-14160 | MT280654 | December | BS | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Papiliotrema fonsecae | LSU | EXF-14426 | MT273280 | February | SW | BSL-1 | halotolerant |
Paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides | ITS | EXF-13917 EXF-14007 EXF-14614 | MT280694 MT280695 MT280696 | June 2,3, October 4, November | SW | BSL-1 | halotolerant |
Paraphoma radicina | ITS | EXF-14550 | MT280655 | May 3 | BS | BSL-1 | dematiceaous, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Penicillium aurantiogriseum | benA | EXF-13906 EXF-14386 EXF-14402 EXF-14644 | MT328501 MT328502 MT328503 MT328504 | February, March, July 2,3, October 4 | BS | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Penicillium crustosum | benA | EXF-14646 EXF-14444 | MT328495 MT328496 | April, July 2,3 | BS, SW | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Penicillium glabrum | benA | EXF-14169 | MT328513 | December | BS | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Penicillium griseofulvum | benA | EXF-13899 EXF-14170 EXF-14172 EXF-14156 EXF-14158 EXF-14423 EXF-14552 EXF-14563 | MT328505 MT328506 MT328507 MT328508 MT328509 MT328510 MT328511 MT328512 | March, May 3, October 4, December | BS | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Penicillium oxalicum | benA | EXF-14292 EXF-14445 | MT328493 MT328494 | January, April | BS | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Penicillium sizovae | benA | EXF-14880 | MT328498 | August 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Penicillium sp. | benA | EXF-14610 | MT328497 | June 2,3 | SW | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Phaeoacremonium iranianum | ITS | EXF-14302 | MT280656 | January | BS | No data | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Phialophora americana | ITS | EXF-14409 EXF-14879 | MT280659 MT280660 | March, August 2,3 | BS | BSL-2 | dematiaceous, BTEX degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Phialophora sp. | ITS | EXF-13890 EXF-14073 | MT280657 MT280658 | October 4 | BS | BSL-1 | dematiaceous, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Purpureocillium sp. | benA | EXF-14303 EXF-14421 | MT328499 MT328500 | January, March | BS | BSL-1/-2 | rock-inhabiting, halotolerant, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Pyrenochaetopsis tabarestanensis | ITS | EXF-14642 | MT280661 | July 2,3 | BS | No data | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Rhizopus arrhizus | ITS | EXF-13903 EXF-13909 EXF-14009 EXF-14012 EXF-14168 EXF-14290 EXF-14291 EXF-14293 EXF-14390 EXF-14454 EXF-14556 EXF-14627 EXF-14649 EXF-14846 EXF-14852 | MT280662 MT280663 MT280664 MT280665 MT280666 MT280667 MT280668 MT280669 MT280670 MT280671 MT280672 MT280673 MT280674 MT280675 MT280676 | January, February, April, May 3, June 2,3, July 2,3, August 2,3, September 2,3, October 4, November, December | BS | BSL-2 | “core-genus” in the sand, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Rhodotorula graminis | LSU | EXF-14539 | MT273282 | January | SW | BSL-1 | psychrotolerant, halotolerant, BTEX-degrader, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa | LSU | EXF-14446 | MT273276 | April | BS | BSL-1 | halotolerant, BTEX-degrader, colonising human, plants, soil, freshwater |
Sarocladium kiliense | ITS | EXF-13880 EXF-14408 | MT280677 MT280678 | March, October4 | BS | BSL-2 | insect-related, colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Sordaria nodulifera | ITS | EXF-14010 | MT280679 | November | BS | No data | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Stachybotrys sp. | ITS | EXF-14565 EXF-14654 EXF-14875 | MT280680 MT280681 MT280682 | May 3, July 2,3, August 2,3, September 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater, potential human pollution indicator |
Stereum hirsutum | ITS | EXF-13915 | MT280697 | October4 | SW | BSL-1 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Talaromyces atroroseus | benA | EXF-14286 | MT328482 | January | BS | BSL-1 | insect-related, colonising plants, soil, freshwater, “core-genus” in the sand |
Talaromyces pinophilus | benA | EXF-14406 EXF-13900 EXF-14017 EXF-13904 EXF-13902 EXF-14415 EXF-13901 EXF-14620 EXF-14633 | MT328483 MT328484 MT328485 MT328486 MT328487 MT328488 MT328489 MT328490 MT328491 | March, May 3, October 4, November | BS | BSL-1 | insect-related, colonising plants, soil, freshwater, “core-genus” in the sand |
Talaromyces purpureogenus | benA | EXF-13895 | MT328492 | October 4 | BS | BSL-1 | insect-related, colonising plants, soil, freshwater, “core-genus” in the sand |
Trichoderma citrinoviride | ITS | EXF-14412 EXF-14619 | MT280683 MT280684 | March, June 2,3 | BS | BSL-1 | colonising plants, soil, freshwater |
Trichosporon asahii | LSU | EXF-14865 | MT273277 | September 2,3 | BS | BSL-2 | dermatophyte |
Wickerhamomyces anomalus | LSU | EXF-14842 | MT273283 | August 2,3 | SW | BSL-2 | colonising humans, plants, soil, freshwater |
Identification | EXF-No. | Range of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) [µg/mL] | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anidulafungin (AND), 24 h | Micafungin (MF), 24 h | Caspofungin (CAS), 24 h | Amphotericin B (AB), 48 h | 5-Flucytosine (FC), 48 h | Posaconazole (PZ), 48 h | Voriconazole (VOR), 48 h | Itraconazole (IZ), 48 h | Fluconazole (FZ), 48 h | ||
Aspergillus flavus | EXF-14617 | 0.03 4 | 0.06 4 | 1 4 | 2–4 | >64 4 | 0.06 4 | 0.5–1 | 0.06 4 | ≥256 4 |
EXF-14651 | ||||||||||
EXF-14874 | ||||||||||
EXF-14862 | ||||||||||
ECOFF 1 | IE 2 | IE 2 | IE 2 | 4 | no data | 0.5 | 2 | 1 | / 3 | |
Aspergillus nidulans | EXF-14643 | 0.03 4 | 0.12 4 | 0.25 4 | 2–4 | >64 4 | 0.06–0.12 | 0.12–0.25 | 0.03–0.06 | ≥256 4 |
EXF-14850 | ||||||||||
EXF-14854 | ||||||||||
ECOFF 1 | IE 2 | IE 2 | IE 2 | 4 | no data | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | / 3 | |
Aspergillus niger | EXF-14618 | 0.03 4 | 0.12 4 | 1 4 | 2 4 | 32 4 | 0.12 4 | 1 4 | 0.25 4 | ≥256 4 |
EXF-14873 | ||||||||||
ECOFF 1 | IE 2 | IE 2 | IE 2 | 0.5–1 | no data | 0.25–0.5 | 2 | 4 | / 3 | |
Aspergillus welwitschiae | EXF-14864 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 2 | 16 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 0.12 | ≥256 |
ECOFF 1 | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data | no data |
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Novak Babič, M.; Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Breskvar, M.; Džeroski, S.; Brandão, J. Occurrence, Diversity and Anti-Fungal Resistance of Fungi in Sand of an Urban Beach in Slovenia—Environmental Monitoring with Possible Health Risk Implications. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080860
Novak Babič M, Gunde-Cimerman N, Breskvar M, Džeroski S, Brandão J. Occurrence, Diversity and Anti-Fungal Resistance of Fungi in Sand of an Urban Beach in Slovenia—Environmental Monitoring with Possible Health Risk Implications. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):860. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080860
Chicago/Turabian StyleNovak Babič, Monika, Nina Gunde-Cimerman, Martin Breskvar, Sašo Džeroski, and João Brandão. 2022. "Occurrence, Diversity and Anti-Fungal Resistance of Fungi in Sand of an Urban Beach in Slovenia—Environmental Monitoring with Possible Health Risk Implications" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080860