Luobuma Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Disease Survey
2.2. Sample Collection and Isolation
2.3. Morphological and Biological Characterization
2.4. DNA Extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.5. Pathogenicity Test
2.6. Fungicide Virulence Test
3. Results
3.1. Symptoms of Leaf Spot Disease
3.2. Disease Survey
3.3. Morphological Characteristics of A. tenuissima
3.4. Biological Characteristics
3.5. DNA Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
3.6. Pathogenicity Testing
3.7. Fungicide Virulence Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Growth Conditions | AvAt-2 | PhAt-3 | |
---|---|---|---|
LA | 50.75 ± 0.32 C b | 57.00 ± 0.46 C a | |
CDA | 43.25 ± 0.48 D a | 47.88 ± 0.22 D a | |
Culture media | OA | 68.25 ± 1.89 A a | 72.88 ± 0.43 A a |
PSA | 67.00 ± 0.54 A a | 69.88 ± 1.09 A a | |
PDA | 62.63 ± 0.80 B a | 63.00 ± 0.35 B a | |
Starch | 54.13 ± 1.30 B b | 58.50 ± 0.54 A a | |
Fructose | 53.37 ± 1.86 B a | 51.50 ± 0.20 B a | |
Carbon source | Sucrose | 52.63 ± 1.32 B a | 51.37 ± 0.20 B a |
Glucose | 60.50 ± 0.96 A a | 61.00 ± 1.34 A a | |
NaCl | 44.75 ± 0.83 C b | 49.38 ± 0.97 B a | |
NH4NO3 | 39.63 ± 1.07 C b | 45.00 ± 0.35 D a | |
KNO3 | 53.25 ± 0.43 B a | 53.50 ± 0.46 B a | |
Nitrogen source | NaNO3 | 51.50 ± 0.50 B a | 51.00 ± 0.89 C a |
Beef extract | 69.25 ± 0.32 A a | 65.38 ± 0.55 A b | |
NaCl | 53.50 ± 0.74 B a | 54.63 ± 0.38 B a | |
5 | 30.63 ± 1.07 D b | 37.50 ± 0.41 F a | |
6 | 50.25 ± 0.32 C a | 50.88 ± 0.77 E a | |
7 | 56.75 ± 0.25 B a | 56.25 ± 0.52 D a | |
pH values | 8 | 57.38 ± 0.24 B b | 59.13 ± 0.13 C a |
9 | 57.38 ± 0.38 B b | 59.50 ± 0.46 C a | |
10 | 58.00 ± 0.35 B b | 61.75 ± 0.32 B a | |
11 | 70.63 ± 0.55 A b | 74.00 ± 0.20 A a | |
5 | 16.10 ± 0.14 G b | 17.30 ± 0.17 F a | |
10 | 29.00 ± 0.90 F a | 30.80 ± 0.69 E a | |
15 | 52.10 ± 0.31 D a | 53.30 ± 1.05 D a | |
Temperatures (℃) | 20 | 81.20 ± 0.50 B a | 82.20 ± 0.89 B a |
25 | 85.60 ± 0.95 A a | 86.00 ± 1.15 A a | |
30 | 72.20 ± 0.92 C a | 72.60 ± 1.58 C a | |
35 | 34.40 ± 0.56 E a | 31.20 ± 0.53 E b |
Species | Strains | Hosts/Substrates | Genbank Accessions | Literature | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | gpd | TEF | H3 | ||||
A. arborescens | PPRI:11433 | Helianthus annuus | MF381794 | MF381768 | MF381820 | - | [27] |
bas_G1 | - | - | - | - | MK239225 | - | |
A. alternata | PPRI:13478 | H. annuus | MF381802 | MF381776 | MF381828 | - | [27] |
HMCH-9 | Lolium multiflorum | MH567106 | MH567107 | MH567109 | - | [28,29] | |
BC1 | Brassica carinata | - | - | - | KY548070 | [29] | |
AltSpin2_18 | Spinacia oleracea | - | - | - | MK085979 | [30] | |
ZZHB-710 | Staphylea bumalda | - | - | - | MF991905 | [31] | |
A. tenuissima | 15-245 | Aronia melanocarpa | LC134324 | LC134319 | LC136865 | - | [32] |
QHT3 | Begonia semperflorens | MN264615 | MN977123 | MN256108 | - | [33] | |
KAC-3 | Actinidia chinensis | - | - | - | MN395834 | [34] | |
GS-ATA2 | Solanum tuberosum | - | - | - | JX495167 | [35] | |
A. gaisen | CBS 118488 | Pyrus pyrifolia | KP124427 | KP124278 | KP125206 | - | [36] |
CBS 632.93 | Pyrus pyrifolia | KC584197 | KC584116 | KC584658 | - | [36] | |
A. alstroemeriae | CBS 118808 | Alstroemeria sp. | KP124296 | KP124153 | KP125071 | - | [37] |
A. betae-kenyensis | CBS 118810 | Beta vulgaris var. cicla | KP124419 | KP124270 | KP125197 | - | [36] |
A. eichhorniae | CBS 119778 | Eichhornia crassipes | KP124426 | KP124277 | KP125205 | - | [37] |
A. burnsii | CBS 118817 | Tinospora cordifolia | KP124424 | KP124274 | KP125202 | - | [36] |
A. gossypina | CBS 102597 | Minneola tangelo | KP124432 | KP124281 | KP125211 | - | [36] |
A. iridiaustralis | CBS 118404 | Iris sp. | KP124434 | KP124283 | KP125213 | - | [37] |
A. jacinthicola | CBS 878.95 | Arachis hypogaea | KP124437 | KP124286 | KP125216 | - | [36] |
A. longipes | CBS 121332 | Nicotiana tabacum | KP124443 | KP124292 | KP125222 | - | [38] |
A. tomato | CBS 103.30 | Solanum lycopersicum | KP124445 | KP124294 | KP125224 | - | [36] |
A. daucifolii | CBS 118812 | Daucus carota | KC584193 | KC584112 | KC584652 | - | [37] |
A. calendulae | CBS 224.76 | Calendula officinalis | KJ718127 | KJ717977 | KJ718475 | - | [29] |
A. nitrimali | CBS 109163 | Solanum viarum | KJ718201 | JQ646358 | KJ718547 | - | [29] |
A. dichondrae | CBS 199.74 | Dichondra repens | KJ718166 | JQ646357 | KJ718514 | - | [29] |
A. agripestis | CBS 577.94 | Euphorbia esula | KJ718099 | JQ646356 | KJ718448 | - | [29] |
A. acalyphicola | CBS 541.94 | Acalypha indica | KJ718097 | JQ646355 | KJ718446 | - | [29] |
A. tropica | CBS 631.93 | Passiflora edulis | KJ718261 | JQ646354 | KJ718607 | - | [29] |
A. cirsinoxia | CBS 113261 | Cirsium arvense | KJ718143 | KJ717993 | KJ718491 | - | [39] |
A. henanensis | JZB3180070 | - | MW793897 | MW818009 | MW818083 | - | - |
A. guizhouensis | JZB3180067 | - | MW793894 | MW818006 | MW818080 | - | - |
A. linariae | NB242 | Solanum tuberosum | KT968774 | KR911762 | KT937248 | - | [40] |
A. solani | NB266 | - | KT968777 | KR911753 | KT937258 | - | - |
A. tenuissima | AvAt-1 | A. venetum | OR602905 | OR603956 | OR672518 | OR603950 | In this study |
AvAt-2 | A. venetum | OR602906 | OR603957 | OR672519 | OR603951 | In this study | |
AvAt-3 | A. venetum | OR602907 | OR603958 | OR672520 | OR603952 | In this study | |
PhAt-1 | P. hendersonni | OR602908 | OR603959 | OR672521 | OR603953 | In this study | |
PhAt-2 | P. hendersonni | OR602909 | OR603960 | OR672522 | OR603954 | In this study | |
PhAt-3 | P. hendersonni | OR6029010 | OR603961 | OR672523 | OR603955 | In this study | |
Fusarium solani | F174 | Cucurbita maxima | - | - | - | MK497772.1 | [41] |
AvAt-2 | PhAt-3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fungicides | Regression equation | Correlation coefficient | EC50/ mg/L | Regression equation | Correlation coefficient | EC50/ mg/L |
Hymexazol | y = 2.7368x − 1.4447 | 0.9894 | 226.38 | y = 2.3167x − 0.053 | 0.9925 | 151.75 |
ZSM | y = 0.5275x + 3.3771 | 0.7148 | 1192.86 | y = 0.4850x + 1.8790 | 0.7435 | 987.96 |
Fungicides | The Concentration of Fungicides | AvAt-2 | PhAt-3 |
---|---|---|---|
58 | 58.35 ± 0.25 E b | 62.42 ± 0.17 E a | |
117 | 61.68 ± 1.66 D b | 71.53 ± 0.53 D a | |
hymexazol | 233 | 75.40 ± 0.80 C b | 81.53 ± 0.43 C a |
467 | 88.10 ± 0.52 B b | 94.08 ± 0.53 B a | |
933 | 98.18 ± 0.23 A a | 98.40 ± 0.00 A a | |
17 | 12.00 ± 0.17 C b | 20.00 ± 2.16 B a | |
33 | 11.28 ± 0.98 C b | 18.33 ± 4.14 B a | |
ZSM | 67 | 11.75 ± 0.17 C b | 24.18 ± 2.60 B a |
133 | 17.58 ± 0.34 B b | 24.18 ± 2.60 B a | |
267 | 37.43 ± 0.36 A b | 43.73 ± 2.09 A a |
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Lan, Y.; Yan, Z.; Duan, T. Luobuma Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in China. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9111062
Lan Y, Yan Z, Duan T. Luobuma Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in China. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(11):1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9111062
Chicago/Turabian StyleLan, Yanru, Zhichen Yan, and Tingyu Duan. 2023. "Luobuma Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria tenuissima in China" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 11: 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9111062