Decolorization of Textile Azo Dye via Solid-State Fermented Wheat Bran by Lasiodiplodia sp. YZH1
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Identification of the Fungal Isolate
2.2. Solid-State Fermentation of Wheat Bran
2.3. Enzyme Extraction and Assay
2.4. Dye Removal Assays
2.5. Optimization of Dye Removal
2.6. Characterization of Wheat Bran
2.7. Dye Removal Assay in Liquid Cultures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Isolation and Identification of the Fungal Isolate
3.2. Fungal Growth, Enzyme Assay, and Biomass Loss during SSF of Wheat Bran
3.3. Dye Removal Efficiency
3.4. Optimization of Dye Removal
3.5. Validation of the Design Model
3.6. Characterization of Wheat Bran
3.7. Dye Removal Assay in Liquid Cultures
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Range and Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Unit | −1 | 0 | 1 |
Wheat bran fermentation duration (X1) | day | 2 | 4 | 6 |
pH of the dye solution (X2) | − | 4.5 | 6.5 | 8.5 |
Dye concentration (X3) | mg L−1 | 50 | 150 | 250 |
Run | Variables | Response 1 Dye Removal Percentage after 12 h (%) | Response 2 Dye Removal Percentage after 24 h (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fermentation Duration (X1) | Solution pH (X2) | Dye Concentration (X3) | Experimental | Predicted | Experimental | Predicted | |
1 | 6 | 6.5 | 50 | 89.55 | 89.54 | 85.17 | 85.43 |
2 | 4 | 6.5 | 150 | 87.51 | 87.83 | 89.28 | 89.87 |
3 | 4 | 4.5 | 50 | 87.56 | 87.93 | 85.07 | 85.08 |
4 | 4 | 6.5 | 150 | 87.91 | 87.83 | 90.25 | 89.87 |
5 | 2 | 8.5 | 150 | 82.21 | 82.57 | 86.71 | 86.99 |
6 | 2 | 6.5 | 250 | 75.35 | 75.35 | 83.66 | 83.40 |
7 | 4 | 8.5 | 50 | 88.38 | 88.57 | 84.51 | 84.73 |
8 | 6 | 4.5 | 150 | 89.41 | 89.06 | 90.83 | 90.56 |
9 | 2 | 4.5 | 150 | 80.81 | 81.00 | 85.35 | 85.84 |
10 | 2 | 6.5 | 50 | 85.39 | 84.84 | 84.27 | 83.76 |
11 | 4 | 6.5 | 150 | 88.08 | 87.83 | 90.09 | 89.87 |
12 | 6 | 8.5 | 150 | 90.26 | 90.07 | 93.08 | 92.58 |
13 | 4 | 8.5 | 250 | 83.18 | 82.81 | 89.80 | 89.79 |
14 | 4 | 4.5 | 250 | 81.07 | 80.88 | 86.50 | 86.27 |
15 | 6 | 6.5 | 250 | 85.66 | 86.21 | 91.53 | 92.04 |
Source | Sums of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 242.83 | 9 | 26.98 | 92.75 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X1 | 121.05 | 1 | 121.05 | 416.13 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X2 | 3.32 | 1 | 3.32 | 11.43 | 0.0197 | Significant |
X3 | 82.07 | 1 | 82.07 | 282.12 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X1X2 | 0.0753 | 1 | 0.0753 | 0.2588 | 0.6326 | Not significant |
X1X3 | 9.46 | 1 | 9.46 | 32.52 | 0.0023 | Significant |
X2X3 | 0.4139 | 1 | 0.4139 | 1.42 | 0.2865 | Not significant |
X12 | 9.59 | 1 | 9.59 | 32.97 | 0.0022 | Significant |
X22 | 1.11 | 1 | 1.11 | 3.82 | 0.1082 | Not significant |
X32 | 18.46 | 1 | 18.46 | 63.47 | 0.0005 | Significant |
Residual | 1.45 | 5 | 0.2909 | |||
Lack of Fit | 1.29 | 3 | 0.4286 | 5.08 | 0.1689 | Not significant |
Pure Error | 0.1688 | 2 | 0.0844 | |||
Cor Total | 244.29 | 14 | ||||
Std. Dev. | 0.5394 | R2 = | 0.9940 | |||
Mean | 85.49 | Adj. R2 = | 0.9833 | |||
C.V. % | 0.6309 | Pred. R2 = | 0.9142 | |||
PRESS | 20.95 | Adeq. Precision | 33.4159 |
Source | Sums of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 130.11 | 9 | 14.46 | 37.53 | 0.0005 | Significant |
X1 | 53.10 | 1 | 53.10 | 137.83 | <0.0001 | Significant |
X2 | 5.02 | 1 | 5.02 | 13.04 | 0.0154 | Significant |
X3 | 19.48 | 1 | 19.48 | 50.56 | 0.0009 | Significant |
X1X2 | 0.1932 | 1 | 0.1932 | 0.5016 | 0.5104 | Not significant |
X1X3 | 12.14 | 1 | 12.14 | 31.53 | 0.0025 | Significant |
X2X3 | 3.74 | 1 | 3.74 | 9.72 | 0.0263 | Significant |
X12 | 1.31 | 1 | 1.31 | 3.41 | 0.1240 | Not significant |
X22 | 0.2984 | 1 | 0.2984 | 0.7746 | 0.4191 | Not significant |
X32 | 35.96 | 1 | 35.96 | 93.33 | 0.0002 | Significant |
Residual | 1.93 | 5 | 0.3852 | |||
Lack of Fit | 1.39 | 3 | 0.4632 | 1.73 | 0.3873 | Not significant |
Pure Error | 0.5367 | 2 | 0.2683 | |||
Cor Total | 132.04 | 14 | ||||
Std. Dev. | 0.5394 | R2 = | 0.9940 | |||
Mean | 85.49 | Adj. R2 = | 0.9833 | |||
C.V. % | 0.6309 | Pred. R2 = | 0.9142 | |||
PRESS | 20.95 | Adeq. Precision | 33.4159 |
Analysis | Predicted Mean | Predicted Median | Std Dev | SE Pred | 95% PI Low | Data Mean | 95% PI High |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 h | 89.877 | 89.877 | 0.539 | 0.689 | 88.106 | 89.485 | 91.648 |
24 h | 92.882 | 92.882 | 0.594 | 0.713 | 91.138 | 93.402 | 95.114 |
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Share and Cite
Borham, A.; Okla, M.K.; El-Tayeb, M.A.; Gharib, A.; Hafiz, H.; Liu, L.; Zhao, C.; Xie, R.; He, N.; Zhang, S.; et al. Decolorization of Textile Azo Dye via Solid-State Fermented Wheat Bran by Lasiodiplodia sp. YZH1. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9111069
Borham A, Okla MK, El-Tayeb MA, Gharib A, Hafiz H, Liu L, Zhao C, Xie R, He N, Zhang S, et al. Decolorization of Textile Azo Dye via Solid-State Fermented Wheat Bran by Lasiodiplodia sp. YZH1. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(11):1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9111069
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorham, Ali, Mohammad K. Okla, Mohamed A. El-Tayeb, Ahmed Gharib, Hanan Hafiz, Lei Liu, Chen Zhao, Ruqing Xie, Nannan He, Siwen Zhang, and et al. 2023. "Decolorization of Textile Azo Dye via Solid-State Fermented Wheat Bran by Lasiodiplodia sp. YZH1" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 11: 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9111069