Biodegradation of Selected Hydrocarbons by Fusarium Species Isolated from Contaminated Soil Samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil and Hydrocarbons Collection
2.2. Isolation and Identification of the Fungal Strains
2.3. Screening of the Biodegradation Ability of Fungi
2.3.1. Growth of Fungi on Solid Media
2.3.2. Growth of Fungi in Liquid Media
2.3.3. 2,6-Dichlorophenol Indophenol (DCPIP) Assay
2.4. Screening of the Fungal Ultrstructural Chnges by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.5. Screening for Biosurfactant Production
2.5.1. Drop Collapse Assay
2.5.2. Oil Spreading Assay
2.5.3. Emulsification Activity
2.6. Recovery of Biosurfactants
2.7. Germination Assay
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics of Different Soil Samples | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location | Al Faisaliyyah | Al Sina’iyah | Al Salhiyah | Ghubairah | ||||
pH | 5.89 | 7.72 | 8.12 | 7.64 | ||||
Soil Color | Umber-brown | Caramel-brown | Ochre-yellow | Mocha-brown | ||||
Incidence of microbes in each soil sample | ||||||||
Strains | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Alternaria spp. | 4 | 26.67 | 2 | 13.33 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13.33 |
Aspergillus spp. | 6 | 40.00 | 2 | 13.33 | 4 | 26.67 | 2 | 13.33 |
Drechslera spp. | 4 | 26.67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13.33 |
Fusarium spp. | 4 | 26.67 | 4 | 26.67 | 2 | 13.33 | 2 | 13.33 |
Mucor spp. | 4 | 26.67 | 2 | 13.33 | 2 | 13.33 | 0 | 0 |
Penicillium spp. | 4 | 26.67 | 6 | 40.00 | 2 | 13.33 | 4 | 26.67 |
Trichoderma spp. | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 26.67 | 4 | 26.67 |
Rhizopus spp. | 4 | 26.67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13.33 |
Candida spp. | 2 | 13.33 | 2 | 13.3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13.33 |
Growth Rate | Control | Crude Oil | Used Oil | Diesel | Kerosene | Mixed Oil | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. verticillioides | 1% | 4.50 | 2.10 | 2.60 | 2.40 | 2.00 | 1.90 |
5% | 4.50 | 1.05 | 1.38 | 1.34 | 1.16 | 1.05 | |
10% | 4.50 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.74 | |
DIR (%) | 100.00 | 46.67 | 57.78 | 53.33 | 44.44 | 42.22 | |
p-value | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | ||
F. proliferatum | 1% | 3.50 | 2.50 | 2.70 | 2.10 | 2.40 | 1.90 |
5% | 3.50 | 1.43 | 1.59 | 1.01 | 1.15 | 0.95 | |
10% | 3.50 | 0.70 | 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.96 | 0.70 | |
DIR (%) | 100.00 | 71.43 | 77.14 | 60.00 | 68.57 | 54.29 | |
p-value | 0.004 * | 0.02 * | <0.001 * | 0.002 * | <0.001 * | ||
F. Oxysporum | 1% | 3.90 | 2.95 | 2.20 | 2.25 | 2.80 | 2.00 |
5% | 3.90 | 1.77 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.48 | 1.16 | |
10% | 3.90 | 0.91 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 1.06 | 0.56 | |
DIR (%) | 100.00 | 75.64 | 56.41 | 57.69 | 71.79 | 51.28 | |
p-value | 0.01 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.005 * | <0.001 * |
Growth Rate | Control | Crude Oil | Used Oil | Diesel | Kerosene | Mixed Oil | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. verticillioides | Weight (g) | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 3.32 ± 0.03 | 2.4 ± 0.01 | 2.7 ± 0.04 | 2.4 ± 0.05 | 3.1 ± 0.15 |
p-value | 0.001 * | 0.035 * | 0.011 * | 0.031 * | 0.003 * | ||
F. proliferatum | Weight (g) | 1 | 3.3 ± 0.03 | 3.4 ± 0.25 | 3.3 ± 0.25 | 3.2 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.05 |
p-value | 0.02 * | 0.015 * | 0.023 * | 0.029 * | 0.803 | ||
F. Oxysporum | Weight (g) | 1.3 ± 0.05 | 4.9 ± 0.033 | 2.8 ± 0.05 | 3.8 ± 0.06 | 4.6 ± 0.07 | 1.8 ± 0.03 |
p-value | <0.001 * | 0.154 | 0.023 * | 0.002 * | 0.642 |
Microorganism | Hydrocarbon Source | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−C | +C | Crude Oil | Used Oil | Diesel | Kerosene | Mixed Oil | |
F. verticillioides | – | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | +++ |
F. proliferatum | – | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | +++ |
F. oxysporum | – | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ |
Microorganism | Crude Oil | Used Oil | Diesel | Kerosene | Mixed Oil |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. verticillioides | 47.05 | 59.09 | 60 | 54.54 | 56 |
F. proliferatum | 52.94 | 52.38 | 52.38 | 57.14 | 63 |
F. oxysporum | 41.17 | 57.14 | 54.54 | 50 | 56 |
Recovery Assay | Crude Oil | Used Oil | Diesel | Kerosene | Mixed Oil | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acid precipitation | F. verticillioides | 3.2 | 3.53 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.3 |
F. proliferatum | 3.6 | 3.21 | 1.8 | 1.39 | 2.12 | |
F. oxysporum | 2.37 | 4.31 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.01 | |
Solvent extraction | F. verticillioides | 4.6 | 4.39 | 2.32 | 2.81 | 1.93 |
F. proliferatum | 4.22 | 3.7 | 2.28 | 2.04 | 1.75 | |
F. oxysporum | 3.73 | 5.35 | 2.35 | 2.35 | 1.51 | |
Ammonium sulfate precipitation | F. verticillioides | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.076 | 0.118 | 0.089 |
F. proliferatum | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.106 | 0.119 | 0.089 | |
F. oxysporum | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.102 | 0.084 | 0.05 | |
Zinc sulfate precipitation | F. verticillioides | 0.088 | 0.12 | 0.123 | 0.141 | 0.089 |
F. proliferatum | 0.088 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.141 | 0.07 | |
F. oxysporum | 0.119 | 0.12 | 0.154 | 0.131 | 0.12 |
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Al-Otibi, F.; Al-Zahrani, R.M.; Marraiki, N. Biodegradation of Selected Hydrocarbons by Fusarium Species Isolated from Contaminated Soil Samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020216
Al-Otibi F, Al-Zahrani RM, Marraiki N. Biodegradation of Selected Hydrocarbons by Fusarium Species Isolated from Contaminated Soil Samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(2):216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020216
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Otibi, Fatimah, Rasha M. Al-Zahrani, and Najat Marraiki. 2023. "Biodegradation of Selected Hydrocarbons by Fusarium Species Isolated from Contaminated Soil Samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 2: 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020216