Phaeohyphomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Narrative Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Series
2.2. Review of the Literature
3. Results
3.1. Case 1
3.2. Case 2
3.3. Case 3
3.4. Literature Review
3.5. Reported Cases from Europe vs. Outside Europe
Year | Ref | Country | Sex | Age | Dissemination | Location | Species | Method of Identification | Therapy | Duration of Therapy in Weeks | Surgery | Transplant | Outcome | Time Tx-Diagnosis in Months | Susceptibility Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 58 | Local | Skin, foot | Alternaria alternata | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ + VZL + TBF | 8 | No | Lung | FR | 42 | None |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 68 | Local deep | Foot tendon | Alternaria alternata | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | Surgery | - | Yes | Lung | FR | 48 | None |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 32 | Local | Skin, legs, and wrist | Alternaria alternata | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ | 24 | Yes | Lung | FR | 3 | None |
2015 | [8] | Portugal | M | 65 | Local | Skin, hand, and leg | Alternaria alternata | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ | 12 | Yes | Liver | FR | 6 | None |
2019 | [9] | Italy | M | 68 | Local | Skin, hand | Alternaria alternata | Culture + molecular biology | ISZ + PZL | - | No | Kidney | FR | 48 | Yes |
2020 | [10] | Italy | F | 56 | Local | Skin, limbs | Alternaria alternata | Culture | VZL | 24 | No | Liver | FR | 108 | Yes |
2019 | [7] | Spain | F | 53 | Local | Skin, leg | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ | 28 | No | Lung | FR | 24 | None |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 64 | Local | Skin, legs | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ + VZL | 72 | No | Lung | FR | 2 | None |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 51 | Local | Skin, leg | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | Surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 24 | None |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 56 | Local | Skin, leg | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ | 8 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 25 | None |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 46 | Local | Skin, leg | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | Topic VZL | 8 | Yes | Lung | FR | 18 | None |
2017 | [11] | Spain | F | 72 | Local | Skin, leg | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (18s + 28s rRNA) | Surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 180 | None |
2012 | [12] | Portugal | M | 53 | Local | Skin, hands, and feet | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ | 40 | No | Kidney | FR | 16 | None |
2012 | [13] | Italy | F | 64 | Disseminated | Kidney | Alternaria infectoria | Undefined | TBF | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | - | Yes |
2016 | [14] | Czech Republic | M | 61 | Disseminated | Lungs | Alternaria infectoria | Culture + molecular biology (ITS) | VZL + PZL | 28 | No | Heart | FR | 12 | Yes |
2020 | [15] | Spain | M | 46 | Local | Skin, leg | Alternaria spp. | Culture | VZL | 3 | Yes | Lung | FR | 24 | None |
2014 | [16] | Slovakia | M | 63 | Disseminated | Skin and brain | Cladophialophora bantiana | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 4) | LAB | - | No | Heart | DFI | 9 | Yes |
2017 | [17] | France | F | 35 | Disseminated | CNS, spinal cord, and cerebellum | Cladophialophora bantiana | Culture + direct microscopy | LAB + PZL + FTS | 36 | No | Lung | DOR | 120 | None |
2016 | [18] | Belgium | F | 34 | Disseminated | Bone and brain | Cladophialophora bantiana | Culture + molecular biology | VZL + LAB, ISZ + LAB, PZL + LAB + FTS | - | Yes | Kidney | PR | 17 | Yes |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 70 | Local | Skin, knee | Cladosporium cladosporioides | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | Surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 10 | None |
2013 | [19] | Spain | M | 25 | Local | Skin, leg | Curvularia lunata | Culture+ direct microscopy | ITZ | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 18 | None |
2018 | [20] | France | M | 51 | Local deep | Foot tendon and skin | Diaporthe raonikayaporum | Culture + direct microscopy | Surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 84 | None |
2019 | [21] | Austria | M | 76 | Local deep | Sternal wound | Exophiala dermatitidis | Molecular biology (ITS sequence) | FZL + ADF, VZL | - | Yes | Lung | DFI | <1 | Yes |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 58 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala oligosperma | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | VZL | 32 | Yes | Lung | DOR | 20 | None |
2015 | [22] | Italy | F | 65 | Local | Skin, hand | Exophiala xenobiotica | Culture + molecular biology (ITS) | VZL, LAB, PZL | 68 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 18 | None |
2019 | [23] | Spain | M | 65 | Local | Skin, foot | Medicopsis romeroi | Culture + direct microscopy + molecular biology (ITS1 + ITS4) | PZL | 4 | Yes | Liver | FR | 1 | Yes |
2019 | [23] | Spain | F | 56 | Local | Skin, hand | Medicopsis romeroi | Culture + direct microscopy + molecular biology (ITS1 + ITS4) | VZL | 10 | Yes | Kidney | FR | - | Yes |
2020 | [24] | France | M | 30 | Local | Skin, foot | Medicopsis romeroi | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 4) | VZL | 8 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 18 | None |
2019 | [7] | Spain | M | 65 | Local | Skin, leg | Microsphaeropsis arundinis | Culture + molecular biology (18s-DNA, ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ + TBF | 54 | Yes | Lung | FR | 60 | None |
2015 | [25] | France | M | 59 | Local | Skin, toes, and foot | Neoscytalidium dimidiatum | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 4) | VZL | 12 | No | Kidney | FR | 8 | None |
2015 | [25] | France | M | 49 | Disseminated | Skin, bones, and lungs | Neoscytalidium dimidiatum | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 4) | VZL | - | No | Kidney | FR | 13 | Yes |
2012 | [26] | Germany | M | 69 | Local | Skin, leg, and abdomen | Ochroconis Gallopavum | Culture | VZL | 12 | Yes | Lung | DOR | 72 | None |
2012 | [26] | Germany | M | 69 | Disseminated | Skin and lung | Ochroconis Gallopavum | Culture + direct microscopy | VZL | - | Yes | Lung | DOR | 72 | None |
2012 | [27] | France | M | 66 | Local | Skin, foot | Pyrenochaeta romeroi | Molecular biology | Surgery, immunosuppression reduction | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 14 | None |
2020 | [28] | France | M | 49 | Local | Skin, hand | Trematosphaeria grisea | Culture + molecular biology (rDNA 28S D1-D2) | ISZ + TBF | 84 | No | Heart | FR | 3 | None |
2017 | [29] | France | M | 71 | Local | Skin, leg | Veronaea botryosa | Direct microscopy + molecular biology | PZL | 12 | Yes | Heart | DOR | 7 | None |
Year | Ref | Country | Sex | Age | Dissemination | Localization | Species | Method of Identification | Therapy | Duration of Therapy in Weeks | Surgery | Transplant | Outcome | Time Tx-Diagnosis in Months | Susceptibility Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | [30] | U.S.A. | F | 54 | Disseminated | Brain | Acrophialophora levis | Culture + molecular biology (ITS) | VZL | - | No | Kidney | FR | 9 | Yes |
2019 | [31] | U.S.A. | F | 64 | Local | Skin, limbs | Alternaria alternata | Culture | PZL | 24 | Yes | Heart | FR | 10 | None |
2016 | [32] | U.S.A. | F | 65 | Local | Skin, arm | Biatriospora mackinnonii | Culture + molecular biology (rDNA D1-D2) | ITZ | 24 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 2 | None |
2011 | [33] | U.S.A. | M | 55 | Disseminated | Brain | Bipolaris spicifera | Histopathology + direct microscopy | LAB + VZL | 48 | No | Heart | FR | 1.5 | Yes |
2021 | [34] | U.S.A. | M | 69 | Disseminated | Lung and brain | Cladophialophora bantiana | Culture | ISZ + LAB | - | No | Kidney | DFI | 36 | None |
2017 | [35] | U.S.A. | M | 77 | Local deep | Skin, leg, and feet | Exophiala oligosperma | Culture | ITZ | 20 | Yes | Kidney | FR | - | Yes |
2019 | [36] | U.S.A. | F | 65 | Local deep | Skin, foot | Medicopsis romeroi | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 2) | PZL | 12 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 70 | Yes |
2020 | [37] | U.S.A. | M | 64 | Local | Skin, leg | Nigrograna mackinnonii | Culture + molecular biology (ITS2 + 28s-rRNA) | PZL | 3 | No | Kidney | FR | 7 | None |
2012 | [38] | U.S.A. | M | 49 | Local | Skin, leg | Paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides | Culture + molecular biology | VZL, PZL | 12 | No | Kidney | FR | 18 | None |
2014 | [39] | U.S.A. | F | 49 | Disseminated | Lung | Phaeoacremonium parasiticum | Culture + direct microscopy | PZL | 16 | No | Kidney | FR | 72 | None |
2022 | [40] | U.S.A. | M | 71 | Local | Skin, hand | Phialophora spp. | Culture + molecular biology (ITS) | ITZ | - | No | Kidney | FR | 16 | None |
2020 | [41] | U.S.A. | M | 40 | Local | Skin, hand | Rhytidhysteron rufulum | Culture + molecular biology | VZL | 12 | Yes | Kidney | FR | - | None |
Year | Ref | Country | Sex | Age | Dissemination | Localization | Species | Method of Identification | Therapy | Duration of Therapy in Weeks | Surgery | Transplant | Outcome | Time Tx-Diagnosis in Months | Susceptibility |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | [42] | Brazil | M | 68 | Local | Skin, hand | Alternaria infectoria, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | Culture | Surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 35 | Yes |
2019 | [43] | Colombia | M | 66 | Disseminated | Brain and lung | Alternaria spp. | Culture + direct microscopy | LAB + TBF | 16 | No | Kidney | DOR | 12 | None |
2021 | [44] | Brazil | F | 46 | Local | Skin, face | Biatriospora mackinnonii | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 4 + ITS 5) | ITZ | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 96 | None |
2019 | [45] | Colombia | - | - | Disseminated | Brain | Cladophialophora bantiana | Culture+ direct microscopy | VZL | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 60 | None |
2016 | [46] | Brazil | M | 53 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala spp. | Culture | ITZ | 20 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 48 | None |
2016 | [46] | Brazil | M | 59 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala spp. | Culture | ITZ | 16 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 16 | None |
2016 | [47] | Brazil | M | 54 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala bergeri | Culture + molecular biology | ITZ | - | No | Kidney | FR | 24 | None |
2019 | [48] | Brazil | M | 45 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala xenobiotica | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 4) | ITZ | 12 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 21 | Yes |
2016 | [47] | Brazil | M | 75 | Local | Skin, limbs | Exophiala xenobiotica | Culture + molecular biology | ITZ | - | No | Kidney | Lost on follow-up | 12 | None |
2016 | [47] | Brazil | M | 43 | Local | Skin, hand | Fonsecaea monophora | Culture + molecular biology | Surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 24 | None |
2016 | [47] | Brazil | M | 60 | Local | Skin, arm | Fonsecaea pedrosoi | Culture + molecular biology | ITZ + surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 36 | None |
2016 | [47] | Brazil | M | 57 | Local | Skin, arm | Fonsecaea spp. | Culture + molecular biology | TBF | - | No | Kidney | FR | 1 | None |
2017 | [49] | Argentina | M | 48 | Local | Skin, hand | Graphium basitruncatum | Culture + molecular biology | VZL + surgery | - | Yes | Heart | FR | 48 | None |
2015 | [50] | French Antilles | M | 71 | Disseminated | Skin, lung, and brain | Phaeoacremonium parasiticum and Paraconiothyrium cyclothyrioides | Culture + molecular biology | VZL + LAB | - | Yes | Kidney | DOR | 12 | Yes |
2014 | [51] | French Antilles | F | 59 | Local | Skin, leg | Pleurostoma ootheca | Culture + direct microscopy | PZL | - | No | Kidney | FR | 168 | None |
2016 | [47] | Brazil | F | 59 | Local | Skin, foot | Undefined | Culture + molecular biology | ITZ + surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 14 | None |
Year | Ref | Country | Sex | Age | Dissemination | Localization | Species | Method of Identification | Therapy | Duration of Therapy in Weeks | Surgery | Transplant | Outcome | Time Tx-Diagnosis in Months | Susceptibility Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | [52] | China | M | 61 | Local | Skin, leg | Alternaria species | Culture + direct microscopy | ITZ + VZL | 7 | No | Kidney | DOR | 12 | None |
2020 | [53] | Japan | F | 40 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala jeanselmei | Culture + direct microscopy | ITZ | 92 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 72 | None |
2017 | [54] | India | - | 16 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala jeanselmei | Culture | ITZ | 12 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 11 | None |
2016 | [55] | India | F | 48 | Local | Skin, leg | Exophiala jeanselmei | Culture + direct microscopy | LAB + ITZ | 6 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 6 | None |
2012 | [56] | China | M | 66 | Local | Skin, arm | Exophiala jeanselmei | Molecular biology (ITS sequence) | Surgery + local injection and undefined systemic antifungal treatment | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 67 | Yes |
2020 | [57] | China | F | 47 | Local | Skin, hand | Hongkongmyces snookiorum | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 2) | VZL | 8 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 18 | Yes |
2017 | [54] | India | 37 | Local | Skin, foot | Neoscytalidium species | Culture | ITZ | 24 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 1 | None | |
2015 | [58] | Japan | F | 61 | Local | Skin, arm | Phaeoacremonium spp. | Culture + direct microscopy | LAB | 2 | No | Kidney | DOR | 156 | None |
2021 | [59] | China | M | 65 | Disseminated | Liver | Pleurostoma hongkongense sp. nov. | Culture + molecular biology (ITS + 28s nr-DNA + 18s nr-DNA) | ADF, LAB, VZL | 14 | Yes | Liver | FR | 16 | Yes |
2019 | [60] | Thailand | M | 57 | Disseminated | Liver | Pleurostomophora richardsiae | Culture + molecular biology (ITS 1 + ITS 2) | LAB | 4 | Yes | Liver | FR | 1 | Yes |
2019 | [61] | Singapore | M | - | Local | Skin, leg | Pleurostomophora richardsiae | Culture + direct microscopy | ITZ | 40 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 276 | None |
2017 | [62] | India | F | 43 | Local | Skin, leg | Pyrenochaeta romeroi | Culture + direct microscopy | ITZ + TBF, VZL | 8 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 6 | None |
2021 | [63] | Kuwait | F | 50 | Disseminated | Liver, brain, and lung | Rhinocladiella mackenziei | Culture + molecular biology (ITS) | LAB + VZL | 6 | No | Kidney | DFI | 3 | None |
2013 | [64] | Thailand | 69 | Disseminated | Brain | Scedosporium apiospermum and Phaeoacremonium parasiticum | Culture + direct microscopy | VZL | 24 | No | Kidney | PR | 168 | None | |
2017 | [54] | India | 21 | Local | Skin, foot | Undefined | Culture | ITZ | 72 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 6 | None | |
2017 | [54] | India | 22 | Local | Skin, hand | Undefined | Culture | ITZ | 68 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 6 | None | |
2017 | [54] | India | F | 49 | Local | Skin, arm | Undefined | Culture | ITZ | 48 | Yes | Kidney | DOR | 12 | None |
2017 | [54] | India | 43 | Local | Skin, foot | Undefined | Culture | Surgery | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 6 | None | |
2017 | [54] | India | 23 | Local | Skin, foot | Undefined | Culture | ITZ | 12 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 5 | None | |
2022 | [65] | India | F | 36 | Disseminated | Skin and bone | Undefined | Direct microscopy | Undefined | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 72 | None |
2021 | [66] | India | M | 50 | Local | Skin, foot, and leg | Undefined | Culture + direct microscopy | ITZ | - | Yes | Kidney | PR | 24 | None |
2021 | [66] | India | M | 55 | Local | Skin, hand, and foot | Undefined | Culture + direct microscopy | VZL + CSF | - | Yes | Kidney | DOR | 3 | None |
2021 | [66] | India | M | 35 | Disseminated | Skin, foot, and peri-renal abscess | Undefined | Culture + direct microscopy | LAB | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 24 | None |
2021 | [66] | India | M | 52 | Local deep | Facial skin and bone | Undefined | Culture + direct microscopy | LAB | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 17 | None |
2021 | [66] | India | M | 52 | Local | Skin, foot | Undefined | Culture + direct microscopy | LAB | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 1 | None |
2016 | [67] | India | M | 37 | Local deep | Salivary gland | Undefined dematiaceous fungi | Direct microscopy | VZL | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 39 | None |
2016 | [67] | India | M | 37 | Local deep | Salivary gland | Undefined dematiaceous fungi | Direct microscopy | VZL | - | Yes | Kidney | FR | 39 | None |
Year | Ref | Country | Sex | Age | Dissemination | Localization | Species | Method of Identification | Therapy | Duration of Therapy in Weeks | Surgery | Transplant | Outcome | Time Tx-Diagnosis in Months | Susceptibility Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | [68] | Australia | F | 49 | Local | Skin, leg | Microsphaeropsis arundinis | Culture + molecular biology | VZL | 24 | No | Kidney | FR | 84 | Yes |
2015 | [68] | Australia | F | 70 | Local | Skin, leg, and arm | Microsphaeropsis arundinis | Culture + molecular biology | LAB + PZL | 48 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 4 | Yes |
2015 | [68] | Australia | M | 55 | Local | Skin, arm | Microsphaeropsis arundinis | Culture + molecular biology | ITZ | 44 | Yes | Kidney | FR | 30 | Yes |
2016 | [69] | Australia | F | 67 | Disseminated | Heart and brain | Verruconis gallopava | Molecular biology | VZL + ADF | - | No | Kidney | DFI | 18 | Yes |
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antifungal Agent | Curvularia hawaiiensis (mg/L) | Alternaria alternata (mg/L) |
---|---|---|
Amphotericin B | 4 | 1 |
Anidulafungin | 0.016 | 0.03 |
Micafungin | 0.016 | 0.03 |
Caspofungin | 0.016 | 0.125 |
Isavuconazole | 0.25 | 1 |
Posaconazole | 0.016 | 0.06 |
Voriconazole | 0.003 | 1 |
Itraconazole | 0.003 | 0.25 |
Fluconazole | 4 | 16 |
EU (n = 36) | Non-EU (n = 58) | Total (n = 94) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age at disease presentation | 58.50 [49.50–65.75] | 54.00 [45.25–64.75] | 56.0 [47.25–65.00] |
Transplant to diagnosis time | 18.00 [8.75–48.00] | 16.50 [6.00–45.75] | 18.00 [7.00–48.00] |
Transplant Organ | |||
Kidney | 16 (44.4%) | 53 (91.4%) | 69 (73.4%) |
Lung | 13 (36.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (13.8%) |
Heart | 4 (11.1%) | 3 (5.2%) | 7 (7.4%) |
Liver | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (3.4%) | 5 (5.5%) |
Sex, M | 28 (77.7%) | 31 (53.4%) | 59 (62.8%) |
Dissemination | |||
Local | 26 (72.2%) | 40 (70.0%) | 66 (70.2%) |
Local deep | 3 (8.3%) | 4 (6.90%) | 7 (7.4%) |
Disseminated | 7 (19.4%) | 14 (24.1%) | 21 (22.3%) |
Genus | |||
Alternaria | 16 (44.4%) | 4 (6.9%) | 20 (21.2%) |
Exophiala | 3 (8.3%) | 10 (17.2%) | 13 (13.8%) |
Cladiophialophora | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (3.4%) | 5 (5.3%) |
Medicopsis | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (1.7%) | 4 (4.3%) |
Other | 11 (30.6%) | 31 (53.5%) * | 42 (44.7%) * |
Not identified | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (22.4%) | 13 (13.8%) |
Species identification | |||
Molecular biology | 28 (77.8%) | 26 (44.8%) | 54 (57.4%) |
Microscopy or histology | 6 (16.7%) | 19 (32.8%) | 25 (26.6%) |
Not done/reported | 4 (11.1%) | 13 (22.4%) | 17 (18.1%) |
Susceptibility testing done | 10 (27.8%) | 15 (25.9%) | 25 (26.6%) |
Treatment | |||
Antifungal alone | 12 (33.3%) | 18 (31.0%) | 30 (31.9%) |
Surgery alone | 6 (16.7%) | 3 (5.2%) | 9 (9.6%) |
Surgery + antifungal | 18 (50%) | 37 (63.8%) | 55 (58.5%) |
Clinical outcome | |||
Recovery | 29 (80.6%) | 48 (82.8%) | 77 (81.9%) |
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Lo Porto, D.; Cona, A.; Todaro, F.; De Carolis, E.; Cardinale, F.; Hafeez, N.; Di Martino, G.; Conaldi, P.G.; Sanguinetti, M.; Grossi, P.A.; et al. Phaeohyphomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Narrative Review of the Literature. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030283
Lo Porto D, Cona A, Todaro F, De Carolis E, Cardinale F, Hafeez N, Di Martino G, Conaldi PG, Sanguinetti M, Grossi PA, et al. Phaeohyphomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Narrative Review of the Literature. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(3):283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030283
Chicago/Turabian StyleLo Porto, Davide, Andrea Cona, Francesca Todaro, Elena De Carolis, Francesca Cardinale, Neha Hafeez, Giuseppina Di Martino, Pier Giulio Conaldi, Maurizio Sanguinetti, Paolo Antonio Grossi, and et al. 2023. "Phaeohyphomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Narrative Review of the Literature" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 3: 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030283
APA StyleLo Porto, D., Cona, A., Todaro, F., De Carolis, E., Cardinale, F., Hafeez, N., Di Martino, G., Conaldi, P. G., Sanguinetti, M., Grossi, P. A., & Mularoni, A. (2023). Phaeohyphomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series and Narrative Review of the Literature. Journal of Fungi, 9(3), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030283