Investigating Biochemical and Histopathological Responses between Raspberries and Aculeastrum americanum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Biochemical Analyses
2.3. Light Microscopy (LM): Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses
2.4. Obtention and Maintenance of Aculeastrum americanum Inoculum
2.5. Histopathology of the Interaction between Raspberries and Aculeastrum americanum
2.5.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.5.2. Light Microscopy (LM)
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Pre-Formed Defense Mechanisms in Raspberries
3.2. Ultrastructural and Histopathology of the Interaction between Raspberries and Aculeastrum americanum
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anatomical Traits | Rubus idaeus | Rubus occidentalis | Rubus niveus |
---|---|---|---|
Total leaf thickness (µm) | 105.30 ± 6.82 ab | 118.28 ± 12.91 a | 92.12 ± 3.84 b |
Adaxial cuticle thickness (µm) | 0.70 ± 0.12 a | 0.79 ± 0.24 a | 1.15 ± 0.16 b |
Adaxial epidermal cell height (µm) | 20.48 ± 3.06 a | 21.70 ± 1.99 a | 15.41 ± 1.27 b |
Mesophyll thickness (µm) | 73.07 ± 3.27 a | 81.49 ± 7.84 a | 68.81 ± 4.15 a |
Palisade parenchyma thickness (µm) | 37.93 ± 5.69 a | 36.05 ± 3.10 a | 45.96 ± 2.66 b |
Number of palisade parenchyma layers | 1 (Figure 1d) | 1 (Figure 1e) | 1 to 2 (Figure 1f) |
Spongy parenchyma thickness (µm) | 35.14 ± 4.23 a | 45.44 ± 9.66 a | 22.84 ± 4.00 b |
Intercellular space (µm2) | 490.78 ± 149.05 a | 886.05 ±156.67 b | 252.02 ± 41.24 a |
Crystal idioblasts (crystals/cm2) | 24.57 ± 4.03 a | 13.48 ± 2.86 b | 21.93 ± 6.23 ab |
Abaxial epidermal cell height (µm) | 18.19 ± 1.47 a | 14.71 ± 4.19 a | 9.53 ± 1.48 b |
Abaxial cuticle thickness (µm) | 0.53 ± 0.09 a | 0.70 ± 0.21 a | 0.62 ± 0.06 a |
Stomata length (µm) | 19.26 ± 1.16 a | 17.81 ± 0.83 a | 14.47 ± 1.06 b |
Stomata width (µm) | 13.03 ± 1.65 ab | 14.58 ± 1.13 a | 12.30 ± 0.64 b |
Stomatal index | 10.55 ± 1.36 a | 11.64 ± 2.70 ab | 14.12 ± 1.66 b |
Biochemical traits | |||
Total phenolic compounds (mg GAE g−1 FW) | 0.40 ± 0.04 a | 0.92 ± 0.06 b | 0.76 ± 0.03 c |
DPPH antioxidant activity (%) | 42.92 ± 0.99 a | 95.60 ± 1.19 b | 94.13 ± 0.44 b |
Proanthocyanidins (mg CE g−1 FW) | 0.45 ± 0.07 a | 1.20 ± 0.02 b | 0.87 ± 0.02 c |
Total flavonoids (mg RE g−1 FW) | 0.34 ± 0.02 a | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 1.06 ± 0.08 b |
Chlorophyll a (mg g−1 FW) | 2.35 ± 0.51 a | 2.26 ± 0.31 a | 3.24 ± 0.44 b |
Chlorophyll b (mg g−1 FW) | 0.93 ± 0.20 a | 0.88 ± 0.16 a | 1.48 ± 0.23 b |
Total chlorophyll (mg g−1 FW) | 3.28 ± 0.70 a | 3.16 ± 0.46 a | 4.72 ± 0.67 b |
Total carotenoids (mg g−1 FW) | 0.77 ± 0.16 a | 0.84 ± 0.13 a | 1.12 ± 0.17 b |
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Dias, M.G.; Spósito, M.B.; Tessmer, M.A.; Appezzato-da-Glória, B. Investigating Biochemical and Histopathological Responses between Raspberries and Aculeastrum americanum. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030337
Dias MG, Spósito MB, Tessmer MA, Appezzato-da-Glória B. Investigating Biochemical and Histopathological Responses between Raspberries and Aculeastrum americanum. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(3):337. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030337
Chicago/Turabian StyleDias, Márcia Gonçalves, Marcel Bellato Spósito, Magda Andréia Tessmer, and Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória. 2023. "Investigating Biochemical and Histopathological Responses between Raspberries and Aculeastrum americanum" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 3: 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030337