Survey of Lichenized Fungi DNA Barcodes on King George Island (Antarctica): An Aid to Species Discovery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Handling of Samples
2.2. DNA Extraction from Lichen Thalli
2.3. PCR Amplification of Fungal Barcode Marker
2.4. Sequencing and Sequence Analysis
2.5. Sequence-Based Grouping and Identification
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. SAMPLE Heterogeneity and Molecular Processing Performance
3.2. Lichenized Fungi Identification
3.2.1. DNA-Based Identification at the Species Level
3.2.2. DNA-Based Identification at the Genus Level
3.2.3. Unidentified Lichenized Fungi Groups
3.3. Value of Molecular Surveys in Understudied Regions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Name | Transect Number | Sample Size | Coordinates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude | Longitude | Elevation (m) | |||
Scientific Campaign ANTAR XXVI–2019 | |||||
Machu Picchu Base | 1 | 3 | 62°5′32″ S | 58°28′9″ W | 1 |
2 | 9 | 62°5′32″ S | 58°28′15″ W | 2 | |
3 | 32 | 62°5′43″ S | 58°29′19″ W | 201 | |
4 | 6 | 62°6′12″ S | 58°27′46″ W | 25 | |
5 | 48 | 62°5′38″ S | 58°28′25″ W | 41 | |
6 | 24 | 62°5′40″ S | 58°28′26″ W | 44 | |
Scientific Campaign ANTAR XXVII–2020 | |||||
Henryk Arctowski Base | 7 | 27 | 62°9′48″ S | 58°28′5″ W | 46 |
8 | 30 | 62°9′48″ S | 58°28′2″ W | 41 | |
Machu Picchu Base | 9 | 25 | 62°5′36″ S | 58°28′12″ W | 21 |
10 | 30 | 62°5′36″ S | 58°28′28″ W | 38 | |
Comandante Ferraz Base | 11 | 46 | 62°4′51″ S | 58°25′20″ W | 48 |
12 | 25 | 62°5′7″ S | 58°25′7″ W | 53 |
Sample Group | BLAST Top Hits | Identity Percentage Range | Number of Samples | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Usnea aurantiacoatra | 98.36%−100% | 11 | Usnea aurantiacoatra |
Usnea antarctica | 98.38%–100% | 27 | Usnea antarctica | |
II | Ochrolechia frigida | 95.12%–100% | 13 | Ochrolechia frigida |
Ochrolechia tartarea | 95.12%–100% | |||
III | Placopsis antarctica | 98.2%–100% | 24 | Placopsis antarctica |
Placopsis parellina | 99.44%–100% | |||
IV-a | Caloplaca regalis | 99.62% | 1 | Polycauliona regalis |
Gondwania regalis | 99.03%–99.4% | |||
IV-b | Gondwania sp. | 97.23% | 1 | Caloplaca sp. |
Caloplaca sublobulata | 96.25% | |||
Gondwania sejongensis | 96.01% | |||
V-a | Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii | 99.79%–100% | 2 | Umbilicaria decussata |
Umbilicaria decussata | 95.59%–98.79% | |||
V-b | Umbilicaria aprina | 95.21%–100% | 2 | Umbilicaria sp. |
Umbilicaria africana | 95.56%–99.8% | |||
VI-a | Rhizocarpon geographicum | 95.02%–100% | 3 | Rhizocarpon aff. geographicum |
Rhizocarpon nidificum | 99.75%–100% | |||
VII-a | Psoroma hypnorum | 95.88%–100% | 2 | Psoroma hypnorum |
VIII-a | Lecanora polytropa | 99.67% | 1 | Lecanora polytropa |
VIII-b | Lecanora polytropa | 95%–98.32% | 2 | Lecanora sp. s.l. |
Lecanora cf. polytropa | 95.41%–98.71% | |||
Rhizoplaca aspidophora | 100% | |||
Lecanora fuscobrunnea | 97.35%–99.1% | |||
IX | Lecidella carpathica | 97.34%–99.73% | 2 | Lecidella carpathica |
X | Candelariella flava | 96.79%–99.45% | 2 | Candelariella flava |
XI | Steinera intricata | 95.61%–100% | 7 | Steinera intricata |
XII | Lepraria elobata | 95.71%–97.46% | 1 | Lepraria sp. |
Lepraria caesioalba | 95.77%–97.45% | |||
Lepraria granulata | 97.35% | |||
Lepraria neglecta | 95.09%–97.34% | |||
XIII-a | Stereocaulon alpinum | 95.11%–100% | 2 | Stereocaulon sp. 1 |
Stereocaulon grande | 99.32% | |||
Stereocaulon saxatile | 96.10%–99.13% | |||
XIII-b | Stereocaulon glabrum | 97.08%–100% | 2 | Stereocaulon sp. 2 |
Stereocaulon sp. | 95.01%–100% | |||
XIV | Myriospora signyensis | 95.33%–99.8% | 1 | Myriospora sp. |
Lecanoromycetes sp. | 99.37%–99.55% |
Sample Group | Number of Samples | Sample Codes | Morphological Determination | GenBank Accession Codes |
---|---|---|---|---|
VI-b | 1 | 51A6 | Rhizocarpon sp. | OP730856 |
VII-b | 1 | 72A2_1 | Psoroma hypnorum | OP730855 |
XV | 2 | 110A, 111A | Lecidea sp. s. l. | OP730849, OP730850 |
XVI | 1 | 24C | Buellia sp. s. l. | OP730848 |
XVII | 4 | 94A1, 103A, 107A, 108A | Austrolecia sp. | OP730851, OP730852, OP730853, OP730854 |
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La Torre, R.D.; Ramos, D.; Mejía, M.D.; Neyra, E.; Loarte, E.; Orjeda, G. Survey of Lichenized Fungi DNA Barcodes on King George Island (Antarctica): An Aid to Species Discovery. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9050552
La Torre RD, Ramos D, Mejía MD, Neyra E, Loarte E, Orjeda G. Survey of Lichenized Fungi DNA Barcodes on King George Island (Antarctica): An Aid to Species Discovery. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(5):552. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9050552
Chicago/Turabian StyleLa Torre, Renato Daniel, Daniel Ramos, Mayra Doris Mejía, Edgar Neyra, Edwin Loarte, and Gisella Orjeda. 2023. "Survey of Lichenized Fungi DNA Barcodes on King George Island (Antarctica): An Aid to Species Discovery" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 5: 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9050552