Entomopathogenicity of Ascomycete Fungus Cordyceps militaris on the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Source and Rearing
2.2. Identity of Fungal Isolate
Mating Type Determination
2.3. Spore Cultivation
2.4. Exposure Protocol
2.4.1. Direct Exposure: Spores Applied Directly to Insect Cuticle
2.4.2. Contact Exposure: Treated Corn Leaf Tissue
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Verification of Fungal Isolate Identity
3.2. Larval, Pupal, and Adult Mortality
3.3. Larval Mortality and Sporulation
3.3.1. First and Second Instars Cotton Bollworm
3.3.2. Third, Fourth, and Fifth Instar Cotton Bollworm
3.4. Pupal and Adult Mortality and Sporulation
3.5. Lethal Morality and Response of Cotton Bollworm Instars
3.6. Cordyceps militaris Concentration-Sporulation Response (LS50) on Cotton Bollworm Instars
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Life Stages | Contact-Treated Leaf Tissue | Topical-Spray Application | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X2 | DF | p > X2 | X2 | DF | p > X2 | |
1st instar | 13.411 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.445 | 1 | 0.104 |
2nd instar | 10.045 | 1 | 0.002 | 19.000 | 1 | 0.001 |
3rd instar | 19.602 | 1 | 0.001 | 1.583 | 1 | 0.048 |
4th instar | 14.032 | 1 | 0.005 | 2.671 | 1 | 0.002 |
5th instar | 6.105 | 1 | 0.028 | 8.444 | 1 | 0.305 |
Pupae | - | - | - | 16.333 | 1 | 0.001 |
Adult | - | - | - | 11.314 | 1 | 0.428 |
Larval Instars | Concentration Response (Spores/mm2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Slope ± SE | LC50 (95% CI) | Probit Trend | ||||
Test for Slope | Test for GoF 1 | ||||||
X2 | p > X2 | X2 | p > X2 | ||||
1st instar | 324 | - | - | 0.77 | 0.389 | 2.565 | 0.0769 |
2nd instar | 324 | 5.08 ± 1.01 | 10.13 (9.54–11.47) | 29.52 | 0.0001 | 3.524 | 0.0295 |
3rd instar | 324 | 8.53 ± 2.15 | 9.80 (9.13–11.53) | 15.06 | 0.0001 | 5.026 | 0.0066 |
4th instar | 324 | - | - | 0.13 | 0.714 | 0.636 | 0.5292 |
5th instar | 324 | 3.91 ± 1.27 | 13.61 (11.19–16.53) | 8.21 | 0.0148 | 8.011 | 0.0003 |
Stage | Concentration Response (Spores/mm2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Slope ± SE | LC50 (95% CI) | Probit Trend | ||||
Test for Slope | Test for GoF | ||||||
X2 | p > X2 | X2 | p > X2 | ||||
1st instar | 324 | - | - | 0.16 | 0.6884 | 0.12 | 0.9406 |
2nd instar | 324 | - | - | 0.54 | 0.4602 | 5.53 | 0.0039 |
3rd instar | 324 | 3.27 ± 1.02 | 8.73 (8.35–9.89) | 14.23 | 0.0002 | 4.23 | 0.0146 |
4th instar | 324 | 6.16 ± 2.13 | 11.82 (10.05–22.07) | 11.02 | 0.0091 | 1.45 | 0.2333 |
5th instar | 324 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Pupae | 324 | 7.45 ± 1.47 | 4.01 (3.94–5.04) | 6.77 | 0.0093 | 7.52 | 0.0233 |
Adult | 324 | - | - | 2.15 | 0.1426 | 9.49 | 0.0001 |
Stage | Concentration Response (Spores/mm2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure | n | Slope ± SE | LS50 (95% CI) | Probit Trend | ||||
Test for Slope 1 | Test for GoF | |||||||
X2 | p > X2 | X2 | p > X2 | |||||
1st Instar | Contact 2 | 324 | 3.14 ± 0.95 | 6.52 (4.54–11.73) | 13.16 | 0.0084 | 3.19 | 0.0225 |
Topical 3 | 324 | - | - | 1.76 | 0.1944 | 4.24 | 0.0145 | |
2nd Instar | Contact | 324 | 1.33 ± 0.65 | 7.84 (5.42–16.75) | 25.22 | 0.0001 | 13.29 | 0.0001 |
Topical | 324 | - | - | 1.72 | 0.1897 | 9.49 | 0.0001 | |
3rd Instar | Contact | 324 | 1.41 ± 0.53 | 9.85 (3.14–11.25) | 6.43 | 0.0112 | 14.21 | 0.0002 |
Topical | 324 | - | - | 1.61 | 0.2041 | 4.01 | 0.0183 | |
4th Instar | Contact | 324 | 2.36 ± 0.64 | 2.14 (1.74–2.26) | 12.23 | 0.0023 | 9.54 | 0.0005 |
Topical | 324 | 4.45 ± 1.11 | 10.33 (9.42–13.17) | 17.01 | 0.0001 | 5.17 | 0.0057 | |
5th Instar | Contact | 324 | - | - | 0.56 | 0.4536 | 4.80 | 0.0082 |
Topical | 324 | - | - | 0.51 | 0.9741 | 0.73 | 0.4823 | |
Pupae | Topical | 324 | 4.07 ± 0.49 | 9.52 (8.18–11.19) | 11.44 | 0.0003 | 9.18 | 0.0035 |
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Glover, J.P.; Nufer, M.I.; Perera, O.P.; Portilla, M.; George, J. Entomopathogenicity of Ascomycete Fungus Cordyceps militaris on the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Fungi 2023, 9, 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060614
Glover JP, Nufer MI, Perera OP, Portilla M, George J. Entomopathogenicity of Ascomycete Fungus Cordyceps militaris on the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(6):614. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060614
Chicago/Turabian StyleGlover, James P., Marissa I. Nufer, Omaththage P. Perera, Maribel Portilla, and Justin George. 2023. "Entomopathogenicity of Ascomycete Fungus Cordyceps militaris on the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 6: 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060614