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Article

Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America

by
Alexander Fulk
1,
Raul Saenz-Escarcega
2,
Hiroko Kobayashi
3,4,
Innocent Maposa
5 and
Folashade Agusto
1,*
1
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
2
Department of Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
3
Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
4
Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
5
Health Sciences Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
COVID 2023, 3(6), 807-830; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060
Submission received: 18 April 2023 / Revised: 13 May 2023 / Accepted: 19 May 2023 / Published: 24 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue How COVID-19 and Long COVID Changed Individuals and Communities)
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on the world at large with over 750 million cases and almost 7 million deaths reported thus far. Of those, over 100 million cases and 1 million deaths have occurred in the United States of America (USA). The mental health of the general population has been impacted by several aspects of the pandemic including lockdowns, media sensationalism, social isolation, and spread of the disease. In this paper, we examine the associations that social isolation and COVID-19 infection and related death had with the prevalence of anxiety and depression in the general population of the USA in a state-by-state multiple time-series analysis. Vector Error Correction Models are estimated and we subsequently evaluated the coefficients of the estimated models and calculated their impulse response functions for further interpretation. We found that COVID-19 incidence was positively associated with anxiety across the studied period for a majority of states. Variables related to social isolation had a varied effect depending on the state being considered.
Keywords: COVID-19; social isolation; mental health; vector error correction model; impulse response function COVID-19; social isolation; mental health; vector error correction model; impulse response function

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fulk, A.; Saenz-Escarcega, R.; Kobayashi, H.; Maposa, I.; Agusto, F. Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America. COVID 2023, 3, 807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060

AMA Style

Fulk A, Saenz-Escarcega R, Kobayashi H, Maposa I, Agusto F. Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America. COVID. 2023; 3(6):807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fulk, Alexander, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Hiroko Kobayashi, Innocent Maposa, and Folashade Agusto. 2023. "Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America" COVID 3, no. 6: 807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060

APA Style

Fulk, A., Saenz-Escarcega, R., Kobayashi, H., Maposa, I., & Agusto, F. (2023). Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America. COVID, 3(6), 807-830. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid3060060

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