Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. GC-MS Analysis
2.2. Gels Characteristics
2.3. Rheological Data
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.5. Antimicrobial Activity
2.5.1. Qualitative Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity
2.5.2. Quantitative Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity
2.5.3. Semiquantitative Assessment of the Microbial Adherence to the Inert Substratum
2.6. Cytotoxic Activity
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. GC-MS Analysis
4.2. Formulation of Hydrogels
- The determination of the appearance was made by examination with the magnifying glass (4.5×) of a sample stretched by a thin layer on a microscopic blade;
- The determination of the main characteristics was made according to Romanian Pharmacopoeia Xth edition [74];
- pH was determined after the gel samples were suitably processed, respectively after the dispersion of samples in water (1:5), followed by the measuring of the pH of an aqueous phase, as follows: 25 mL of distilled water were added to 5 g sample and the mixture was stirred into an Erlenmeyer glass with cork heating on the water bath at 60 °C for 10 min. After cooling on the watery phase, the pH was determined with Radelkis pH meter (Radelkis Ktsz.; Budapest; Hungary);
- The determination of the viscosity was performed with a rotational Brookfield LFV viscometer (AMETEK Brookfield, Middleboro, MA, USA);
- The stability was performed by maintaining the samples at 2 °C and 40 °C: 5 g of sample were introduced into a weighing ampoule with a lid, and then, the ampoule was maintained for 8 h at mentioned temperatures. Then, the appearance of the sample was examined.
4.3. Rheological Analysis and Data Modeling
4.4. SEM Analysis
4.5. Antimicrobial Activity
4.5.1. Qualitative Assay of the Antimicrobial Activity
4.5.2. Quantitative Assay of the Antimicrobial Activity
4.5.3. Semiquantitative Assessment of the Microbial Adherence to the Inert Substratum
4.6. Cytotoxic Activity
4.7. β-cyclodextrin-Eugenia caryophyllata Volatile Oil Complex Preparation
4.8. β-cyclodextrin-Eugenia caryophyllata Volatile Oil Complex Characteristics
4.9. Statistical Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | KI * | tR (min) ** | Relative Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|
α-Pinene | 930 | 6.01 | 1.02 |
Sabinene (β-Thujene) | 969 | 6.72 | 0.72 |
β-Pinene | 982 | 6.95 | 0.45 |
α-Phellandrene | 997 | 7.23 | 0.27 |
α-Terpinene | 1009 | 7.44 | 10.85 |
p-Cymene | 1017 | 7.58 | 2.63 |
Eucalyptol | 1026 | 7.73 | 3.76 |
γ-Terpinene | 1051 | 8.17 | 18.77 |
α-Terpinolene | 1078 | 8.64 | 3.43 |
trans-Sabinene hydrate | 1090 | 8.84 | 0.15 |
cis-2-p-Menthen-1-ol | 1113 | 9.21 | 0.43 |
Borneol | 1162 | 9.99 | 0.01 |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1175 | 10.20 | f36.32 |
α-Terpineol | 1183 | 10.32 | 2.63 |
cis-Piperitol | 1197 | 10.54 | 0.17 |
Geraniol | 1238 | 11.15 | 0.01 |
δ-EIemene | 1324 | 12.39 | 0.06 |
α-Cubebene | 1336 | 12.55 | 0.09 |
Eugenol | 1344 | 12.66 | 0.08 |
α-Copaene | 1364 | 12.94 | 0.28 |
Methyleugenol | 1384 | 13.23 | 0.09 |
α-Gurjunene | 1398 | 13.42 | 0.75 |
β-Caryophyllene | 1409 | 13.56 | 0.41 |
γ-Elemene | 1430 | 13.82 | 1.95 |
Alloaromadendrene | 1454 | 14.11 | 0.75 |
γ-Muurolene | 1463 | 14.22 | 0.91 |
β-Guaiene | 1480 | 14.43 | 0.53 |
α-Muurolene | 1490 | 14.56 | 3.88 |
γ-Cadinene | 1512 | 14.82 | 3.48 |
δ-Cadinene | 1523 | 14.95 | 0.38 |
Spathulenol | 1574 | 15.56 | 0.27 |
Globulol | 1582 | 15.65 | 0.71 |
Viridiflorol | 1590 | 15.75 | 0.63 |
Rosifoliol | 1597 | 15.84 | 0.15 |
Ledol | 1601 | 15.88 | 0.10 |
Cubenol | 1614 | 16.12 | 0.55 |
epi-Cubenol | 1621 | 16.25 | 0.15 |
τ-Cadinol | 1623 | 16.29 | 0.45 |
Total | 98.27 |
Compounds | KI * | tR (min) ** | Relative Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|
α-Pinene | 932 | 6.03 | 11.83 |
Camphene | 946 | 6.29 | 3.93 |
Sabinene (β-Thujene) | 973 | 6.79 | 4.10 |
β-Pinene | 982 | 6.96 | 0.71 |
α-Phellandrene | 998 | 7.26 | 0.11 |
p-Cymene | 1011 | 7.48 | 0.03 |
Eucalyptol | 1030 | 7.80 | 49.70 |
γ-Terpinene | 1049 | 8.14 | 0.52 |
cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1060 | 8.33 | 0.04 |
α-Terpinolene | 1078 | 8.64 | 0.35 |
Linalool | 1087 | 8.79 | 0.63 |
endo-Fenchol | 1107 | 9.12 | 0.03 |
α-Campholenal | 1116 | 9.26 | 0.04 |
Camphor | 1143 | 9.69 | 14.12 |
Borneol | 1161 | 9.98 | 3.36 |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1169 | 10.10 | 0.56 |
α-Terpineol | 1183 | 10.32 | 2.00 |
Myrtenol | 1189 | 10.41 | 0.04 |
Verbenone | 1204 | 10.65 | 0.01 |
cis-Carveol | 1208 | 10.71 | 0.01 |
Thymol | 1271 | 11.62 | 0.02 |
Bornyl acetate | 1275 | 11.68 | 0.75 |
Carvacrol | 1287 | 11.86 | 0.02 |
Eugenol | 1344 | 12.66 | 0.02 |
α-Ylangene | 1359 | 12.88 | 0.03 |
α-Copaene | 1364 | 12.94 | 0.02 |
Methyleugenol | 1389 | 13.29 | 0.03 |
β-Caryophyllene | 1412 | 13.60 | 5.80 |
β-Ylangene | 1418 | 13.67 | 0.05 |
α-Guaiene | 1431 | 13.83 | 0.03 |
Aromadendrene | 1439 | 13.93 | 0.03 |
α-Humulene | 1446 | 14.01 | 0.42 |
γ-Muurolene | 1465 | 14.25 | 0.04 |
α-Muurolene | 1491 | 14.57 | 0.15 |
γ-Cadinene | 1511 | 14.81 | 0.03 |
α-Calacorene | 1535 | 15.10 | 0.01 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 15.65 | 0.24 |
Methyl jasmonate | 1621 | 16.26 | 0.04 |
Total | 99.84 |
Characteristic | Formula A | Formula B | Formula C |
---|---|---|---|
Initial macroscopic characteristics | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific |
Macroscopic characteristics after 60 days | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific |
Initial pH | 6.50 | 6.00 | 6.70 |
pH after 60 days | 6.40 | 6.60 | 6.60 |
Characteristic | Formula D | Formula E | Formula F |
---|---|---|---|
Initial macroscopic characteristics | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific |
Macroscopic characteristics after 60 days | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific | appearance: homogenous; color: yellowish; smell: specific |
Initial pH | 6.70 | 6.60 | 6.40 |
pH after 60 days | 6.70 | 6.50 | 6.30 |
Gel/Rheological Model | Casson | Bingham | Ostwald-de Waele | Herschel-Bulkley | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | Adj R2 | AICc | R2 | Adj R2 | AICc | R2 | Adj R2 | AICc | R2 | Adj R2 | AICc | |
Formula A | 0.9733 | 0.9715 | 33.29 | 0.8766 | 0.8684 | 59.29 | 0.9790 | 0.9776 | 29.16 | 0.9981 | 0.9978 | −7.961 |
Formula B | 0.9648 | 0.9624 | 50.01 | 0.8556 | 0.8460 | 74.01 | 0.9847 | 0.9837 | 35.85 | 0.9986 | 0.9984 | −1.536 |
Formula C | 0.9473 | 0.9437 | 77.29 | 0.8230 | 0.8112 | 97.87 | 0.9862 | 0.9853 | 54.51 | 0.9947 | 0.9939 | 41.870 |
Formula D | 0.9605 | 0.9578 | 51.98 | 0.8462 | 0.8360 | 75.07 | 0.9832 | 0.9821 | 37.45 | 0.9969 | 0.9964 | 12.390 |
Formula E | 0.9676 | 0.9654 | 47.99 | 0.8632 | 0.8541 | 72.47 | 0.9833 | 0.9822 | 36.73 | 0.9983 | 0.9981 | 1.090 |
Formula F | 0.9672 | 0.9650 | 43.43 | 0.8603 | 0.8510 | 68.05 | 0.9840 | 0.9830 | 31.19 | 0.9990 | 0.9989 | −12.980 |
Gel/ Flow Parameters | Yield Stress (Pa) (τ0—Pa) | Consistency Index (K—Pa·sn) | Flow Index (n) | Viscosity at 0.30 rpm (η0.3—Pa·s) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | After 60 Days | ||||
Formula A | 29.518 | 20.021 | 0.34 | 489.20 | 472.10 |
Formula B | 48.333 | 34.938 | 0.29 | 822.90 | 710.20 |
Formula C | 80.150 | 76.884 | 0.25 | 1553.00 | 1432.80 |
Formula D | 51.397 | 36.334 | 0.28 | 871.90 | 760.30 |
Formula E | 43.268 | 31.869 | 0.31 | 738.10 | 682.00 |
Formula F | 41.732 | 28.915 | 0.30 | 698.80 | 536.40 |
Strains | Samples | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GB | B | E | CO | RO | TTO | UA | Complex | UA:CO | UA:RO | UA:TTO | DMSO | |
Gram-positive bacteria | ||||||||||||
E. faecalis ATCC 29212 | - | + | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
S. aureus ATCC 25923 | - | + | + | +++ | + | + | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | - |
Gram-negative bacteria | ||||||||||||
E. coli ATCC 25922 | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
E. coli 135 | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
E. coli ESBL | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
E. coli 2425 | + | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
E. coli 5075 | - | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 | - | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
Yeasts | ||||||||||||
C. albicans ATCC 10231 | - | ++ | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
C. albicans 5316 | - | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
C. albicans 5319 | - | + | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | + | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | + |
C. albicans 5325 | - | ++ | + | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
C. albicans 5328 | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | - |
C. krusei 5299 | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
C. krusei 5343 | - | + | ++ | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
C. glabrata 5328 | - | + | + | + | + | + | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | - |
C. parapsilosis 514 | - | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | + |
C. tropicalis 5770 | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - |
Components | Formula A | Formula B | Formula C |
---|---|---|---|
Carbopol 940 | 0.8 g | 1 g | 1.2 g |
Glycerin | 5 g | 5 g | 5 g |
Triethanolamine | q.s. | q.s. | q.s. |
Cyclodextrin complex with clove essential oil | 1 g | 1 g | 1 g |
Usnic acid | 0.5 g | 0.5 g | 0.5 g |
Tea tree essential oil | 1.5 g | 1.5 g | 1.5 g |
Rosemary essential oil | 1.5 g | 1.5 g | 1.5 g |
Purified water | until 100 g | until 100 g | until 100 g |
Components | Formula D | Formula E | Formula F |
---|---|---|---|
Carbopol 940 | 1 g | 1 g | 1 g |
Glycerin | 5 g | 5 g | 5 g |
Triethanolamine | q.s. | q.s. | q.s. |
Cyclodextrin complex with clove essential oil | 1 g | 1 g | 1 g |
Usnic acid | 0.5 g | 0.5 g | 0.5 g |
Tea tree essential oil | 1 g | 2 g | 2.5 g |
Rosemary essential oil | 1 g | 2 g | 2.5 g |
Purified water | until 100 g | until 100 g | until 100 g |
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Stancu, A.I.; Oprea, E.; Dițu, L.M.; Ficai, A.; Ilie, C.-I.; Badea, I.A.; Buleandra, M.; Brîncoveanu, O.; Ghica, M.V.; Avram, I.; et al. Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity. Gels 2024, 10, 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100645
Stancu AI, Oprea E, Dițu LM, Ficai A, Ilie C-I, Badea IA, Buleandra M, Brîncoveanu O, Ghica MV, Avram I, et al. Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity. Gels. 2024; 10(10):645. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100645
Chicago/Turabian StyleStancu, Alina Ionela, Eliza Oprea, Lia Mara Dițu, Anton Ficai, Cornelia-Ioana Ilie, Irinel Adriana Badea, Mihaela Buleandra, Oana Brîncoveanu, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Ionela Avram, and et al. 2024. "Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity" Gels 10, no. 10: 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100645
APA StyleStancu, A. I., Oprea, E., Dițu, L. M., Ficai, A., Ilie, C. -I., Badea, I. A., Buleandra, M., Brîncoveanu, O., Ghica, M. V., Avram, I., Pîrvu, C. E. D., & Mititelu, M. (2024). Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity. Gels, 10(10), 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100645