Improving the Decay Resistance of Wood through the Fixation of Different Nanoparticles Using Silica Aerogel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Weight Percent Gain
2.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Imaging and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) Analysis
2.3. Decay Test
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Nanoparticle Treatment of the Samples
4.2. Fixation of the Nanoparticles in Wood
4.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) Analysis
4.4. Decay Test
- Treated test specimens: impregnated specimens subjected to attack by the wood-destroying fungi. Five treated test specimens (NP-treated, aerogel-treated, and NP + aerogel-treated) were used for each NP concentration, timber species and fungus species.
- Treated and leached test specimens: impregnated specimens subjected to attack by the wood-destroying fungi, after a leaching procedure that was performed according to the relevant European standard [64]. Five treated test specimens (NP-treated, aerogel-treated, and NP + aerogel-treated) were used for each NP concentration, wood species and fungus species.
- Untreated test specimens: non-impregnated test specimens of the same wood species as those of the treated test specimens. They were placed in culture vessels next to the treated specimens and treated and leached specimens as a control.
4.5. Statistical Analysis of the Results
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment Type | WPGNP (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beech | Pine | |||||||
Normal | For Leaching | Normal | For Leaching | |||||
Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | |
Ag 5% (m/m) | 4.04 a | 0.33 | 3.53 a | 0.18 | 6.53 f | 0.29 | 6.54 f | 0.27 |
Ag 7% (m/m) | 5.05 b | 0.40 | 5.07 b | 0.15 | 9.47 g | 0.68 | 9.16 g | 0.68 |
Cu 5% (m/m) | 3.76 a | 0.36 | 3.41 a | 0.09 | 6.74 f | 0.39 | 6.41 f | 0.20 |
Cu 7% (m/m) | 5.53 b | 0.55 | 5.00 b | 0.19 | 9.35 g | 0.80 | 9.07 g | 0.48 |
CuB 0.5% (m/m) | 0.42 c | 0.03 | 0.39 c | 0.02 | 0.68 h | 0.04 | 0.65 h | 0.03 |
CuB 1% (m/m) | 0.79 d | 0.08 | 0.73 d | 0.02 | 1.28 i | 0.06 | 1.29 i | 0.06 |
CuB 2% (m/m) | 1.63 e | 0.15 | 1.48 e | 0.04 | 2.69 j | 0.21 | 2.51 j | 0.16 |
ZnB 0.5% (m/m) | 0.38 c | 0.03 | 0.41 c | 0.01 | 0.68 h | 0.03 | 0.64 h | 0.03 |
ZnB 1% (m/m) | 0.78 d | 0.05 | 0.73 d | 0.02 | 1.39 i | 0.12 | 1.32 i | 0.05 |
ZnB 2% (m/m) | 1.66 e | 0.08 | 1.50 e | 0.03 | 2.68 j | 0.21 | 2.52 j | 0.09 |
Treatment Type | WPGA (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beech | Pine | |||||||
Normal | For Leaching | Normal | For Leaching | |||||
Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | |
Ag-A 5% (m/m) | 14.80 a | 1.64 | 12.31 a | 1.55 | 18.95 b | 1.09 | 16.74 b | 0.50 |
Ag-A 7% (m/m) | 13.71 a | 1.97 | 11.93 a | 1.69 | 18.92 b | 1.81 | 18.21 b | 2.02 |
Cu-A 5% (m/m) | 14.22 a | 0.79 | 12.28 a | 1.07 | 17.87 b | 2.20 | 17.86 b | 1.77 |
Cu-A 7% (m/m) | 12.34 a | 2.02 | 12.42 a | 1.36 | 19.26 b | 1.13 | 18.78 b | 1.28 |
CuB-A 0.5% (m/m) | 14.14 a | 1.58 | 13.90 a | 1.62 | 17.65 b | 1.20 | 18.15 b | 2.33 |
CuB-A 1% (m/m) | 14.01 a | 1.13 | 12.71 a | 1.32 | 19.17 b | 2.49 | 18.58 b | 2.37 |
CuB-A 2% (m/m) | 12.55 a | 1.59 | 14.77 a | 2.21 | 17.58 b | 2.04 | 18.60 b | 1.83 |
ZnB-A 0.5% (m/m) | 13.42 a | 1.19 | 13.48 a | 1.12 | 18.32 b | 2.59 | 15.97 b | 2.82 |
ZnB-A 1% (m/m) | 14.52 a | 1.53 | 13.64 a | 0.74 | 18.23 b | 1.52 | 17.82 b | 1.44 |
ZnB-A 2% (m/m) | 14.78 a | 1.91 | 12.30 a | 1.56 | 18.96 b | 1.80 | 17.74 b | 1.70 |
Nanoparticle | Precursor (Supplier) | Reducing Agent (Supplier) | Protecting Agent (Supplier) | Average NP Size | NP Conc. (m/m%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silver | Silver nitrate a | L-ascorbic acid b | Polyvinyl- pyrrolidone c | 80–100 nm | 5% |
7% | |||||
Copper | Copper (II) nitrate—anhydrous d | L-ascorbic acid b | Polyvinyl- pyrrolidone c | 2–4 nm | 5% |
7% | |||||
Copper–borate | Copper (II) nitrate—anhydrous d | Borax decahydrate e | - | 100 nm | 0.5% |
1% | |||||
2% | |||||
Zinc–borate | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate e | Borax decahydrate e | - | 100–200 nm | 0.5% |
1% | |||||
2% |
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Bak, M.; Plesér, Z.; Németh, R. Improving the Decay Resistance of Wood through the Fixation of Different Nanoparticles Using Silica Aerogel. Gels 2024, 10, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040255
Bak M, Plesér Z, Németh R. Improving the Decay Resistance of Wood through the Fixation of Different Nanoparticles Using Silica Aerogel. Gels. 2024; 10(4):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040255
Chicago/Turabian StyleBak, Miklós, Zsófia Plesér, and Róbert Németh. 2024. "Improving the Decay Resistance of Wood through the Fixation of Different Nanoparticles Using Silica Aerogel" Gels 10, no. 4: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040255