Multiply Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Preparation, Mechanical Properties, and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Network Structures with Improved Mechanical Properties
2.1. Double-Network (DN) Hydrogels
2.2. Toughening Mechanism in DN Hydrogels
2.2.1. Role of Each Network in DN Toughening
2.2.2. Interaction between the Two Network Components
2.2.3. Toughening Mechanism in DN Hydrogels
2.3. Triple-Network (TN) Hydrogels
2.3.1. Simple TN Hydrogels
2.3.2. TN Hydrogels with Microgels as the First Component
2.3.3. TN Hydrogels Containing a Linear Polyelectrolyte Stent as the Second Component
2.3.4. TN Hydrogels Prepared Using a Mold
2.3.5. TN Hydrogels Containing an Electrically Conducting Polymer as the Third Component
2.4. Quadruple-Network (QN) Hydrogels
2.5. Quintuple-Network (5×N) Hydrogels
3. Applications of the Multiply Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gel Components | Method | Mechanical Properties of SN | Mechanical Properties of DN | Mechanical Properties of TN | Ref. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Network | 2nd Network | 3rd Network | σmax (MPa) | εmax (%) | E (MPa) | σmax (MPa) | εmax (%) | E (MPa) | σmax (MPa) | εmax (%) | E (MPa) | ||
(a) Simple Triple Networks | |||||||||||||
AMPS-1 MBAAm-8 | AAm-2-MBAAm-0.1 | AMPS-1 MBAAm-0.1 | Compression | - | - | - | 4.60 | 65 | 0.84 | 4.80 | 57 | 2.00 | [12] |
AMPS-1 MBAAm-0 | 9.20 | 70 | 2.10 | ||||||||||
SAMPS-1 MBAAm-4 | DMAAm-3 MBAAm-0.1 | SAMPS-co-DMAAm (F = 0.5)-1 MBAAm-0 | Compression | 0.26 | 57 | 0.19 | - | - | - | 3.00 | 71 | 0.32 | [13] |
SAMPS-co-DMAAm (F = 0.5)-1 MBAAm-2 | - | - | - | 2.31 | 65 | 0.65 | |||||||
SAMPS-co-DMAAm (F = 0.5)-1 MBAAm-4 | - | - | - | 1.36 | 47 | 0.88 | |||||||
Odex | Teleostean | CEC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [14,15] |
AAm-1.40 PEGDMA-4 | AAm-0.7–7.0 MBAAm-0 | AAm-0.7–7.0 MBAAm 0 | Compression | 0.15 | 70 | - | 9.20 | 95 | - | 25.00 | 99 | 0.10 | [16] |
DMAAm-1 PEGDMA-4–10 | DMAAm-0.5–5.0 MBAAm-0 | DMAAm-0.5–5.0 MBAAm-0 | Compression | 0.17 | 47 | - | - | - | - | 26.10 | 95 | 2.00 | |
EA-5 BDA-1.45 | EA-9.4 BDA-0.01 | EA-9.4 BDA-0.01 | Tension | 1.20 | - | 0.60 | 10.00 | 260 | 0.80 | 16.00 | 220 | 1.50 | [17] |
EA-5 BDA-1.45 | MA-11 BDA-0.01 | MA-11 BDA-0.01 | 0.50 | - | 0.80 | 8.00 | 240 | 1.30 | 22.00 | 260 | 2.20 | ||
EA-5 BDA-2.81 | 0.50 | - | 1.50 | 6.50 | 190 | 2.00 | 29.00 | 190 | 4.20 | ||||
EA-5 BDA-5.81 | 0.50 | - | 2.30 | 3.00 | 160 | 2.30 | - | - | - | ||||
MHA (20 g·L−1) | DMAAm-3 MBAAm-0.05 | DMAAm-3 MBAAm-0.05 | Compression | 0.05 | 40 | 0.017 | 12.00 | 93 | 0.37 | 22.00 | 96 | 0.40 | [18] |
Mi-xi, Ci-yi: Mi, xi, Ci, and yi state the abbreviation of the polymer’s name, the molar concentration of monomer, the abbreviation of the cross-linker’s name, and the cross-linker loading feed in mol% with respect to the monomer, respectively. PC: physically cross-linked. | |||||||||||||
(b) Triple Networks with a 1st Polymer Network Based on Microgels | |||||||||||||
SAMPS-1 MBAAm-4 | AAm-2 MBAAm-0.01 | AAm-4 MBAAm-0.01 | Compression | - | - | - | 0.15 | 130 | 0.05 | 2.46 | 1270 | 0.22 | [19,20] |
AAm-1-MBAAm-4 | - | - | - | 0.41 | 1010 | 0.03 | 1.37 | 910 | 0.05 | [20] | |||
DMAPAA-Q-1 MBAAm-4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.94 | 970 | 0.15 | ||||
NaSS-co-DMAEA-Q (F = 0.5)-1-MBAAm-4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.75 | 530 | 0.07 | ||||
SAMPS+DMAPAA-Q (F = 0.5)-1 MBAAm-4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.51 | 410 | 0.07 | ||||
(c) Triple Networks with a Linear Polyelectrolyte Stent as the 2nd Polymeric Component | |||||||||||||
AAm-1.2 MBAAm-4 | AMPS-1 MBAAm-0 | AAm-2 MBAAm-0.02 | Tension | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.83 | 1000 | - | [21] |
DMAAm-0.7 MBAAm-3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.95 | - | - | ||||
DMAAm-1 MBAAm-2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.57 | - | - | ||||
NIPAAm-0.7 MBAAm-2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.02 | - | - | ||||
AAc-1 MBAAm-4 | AMPS-0.7 MBAAm-0 | AAm-2 MBAAm-0.02 | Tension | - | - | - | - | - | 0.067 | 0.70 | - | - | |
AAm-1 MBAAm-4 | 0.031 | - | - | - | - | 0.15 | 0.69 | - | - | ||||
HEA-1 MBAAm-4 | 0.037 | - | 0.054 | - | - | - | 0.82 | - | - | ||||
NaSS-1 MBAAm-0 | - | - | - | 0.34 | - | - | |||||||
DMAPAA-Q-1 MBAAm-0 | - | - | - | 0.47 | - | - | |||||||
DMAEA-1 MBAAm-0 | - | - | - | 0.47 | - | - | |||||||
TPEG-2 × 10−5 | AMPS-0.6 MBAAm-0 | Tension | - | - | - | 0.20 | 600 | - | 2 | 2200 | - | [22] | |
AMPS-1.0 MBAAm-0 | - | - | - | ||||||||||
(d) Triple Networks with a Mold Used in the 1st Polymeric Component | |||||||||||||
PVA-PC | AMPS-1 MBAAm-4 | AAm-2-MBAAm-0 | Tension | - | - | - | 0.30 | 300 | - | 0.80 | 900 | - | [23] |
(e) Triple Networks Containing an Electrically Conducting Polymer as the 3rd Component | |||||||||||||
AAc-1.5 MBAAm-6 | AAc-6 MBAAm-0.1 | EDOT (0.48 M)-PNaSS (0.10 M) PC | Tension | 0.10 | 37 | - | 0.60 | 61 | - | 1.00 | 68 | - | [24] |
EDOT-PNaSS (No. 2) PC | 1.10 | 70 | - | ||||||||||
EDOT-PNaSS (No. 3) PC | 1.30 | 72 | - | ||||||||||
EDOT-PNaSS (No. 4) PC | 0.60 | 61 | - | 1.60 | 73 | - | |||||||
EDOT-NaSS (No. 5) PC | 1.80 | 78 | - | ||||||||||
AMPS-1 MBAAm-4 | AAm-2 MBAAm-0.1 | EDOT (No. 1) | Tension | - | - | - | 1.19 | 134 | 0.37 | 1.38 | 154 | 0.33 | [25] |
EDOT (No. 2) | 2.07 | 235 | 0.56 | ||||||||||
NaSS-1 MBAAm-10 | DMAAm-1.5 MBAAm-0 | PEDOT | Compression | - | - | - | 0.39 | 45 | 0.71 | 1.27 | 45 | 3.48 | [26] |
DMAAm-2.0 MBAAm-0 | 1.08 | 81 | 0.95 | 1.98 | 76 | 2.97 | |||||||
PEGMA-0.18 MBAAm-4 | AAc-2.78 MBAAm-0.1 | EDOT (0.46 M) + NaPSS (0.48 M) PC | Tension | - | - | - | 0.48 | 340 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 240 | 0.11 | [27] |
Compression | 8.50 | 81 | - | 11.60 | 78 | - |
Chemical Structure | Name |
---|---|
AAc, Acrylic acid | |
AAm, Acrylamide | |
AMPS, 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid | |
CEC, Ν-Carboxyethyl chitosan | |
DMAAm, Ν,Ν-Dimethylacrylamide | |
DMAEA-Q, 2-(Trimethylamino)ethyl acrylate, chloride quaternary salt | |
DMAPAA-Q, 3-(Acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride | |
EDOT, 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene | |
EΑ, Ethyl acrylate | |
MHA, Methacrylated hyaluronan | |
HEA, 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate | |
MΑ, Methyl acrylate | |
NaSS, Sodium 4-styrenesulfonate | |
NIPAAm, N-Isopropylacrylamide | |
SΑMPS, 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonic acid sodium salt | |
ODEX, Partially oxidized dextran | |
PEGMA, Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate | |
PVA, Poly(vinyl alcohol) |
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Panteli, P.A.; Patrickios, C.S. Multiply Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Preparation, Mechanical Properties, and Applications. Gels 2019, 5, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels5030036
Panteli PA, Patrickios CS. Multiply Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Preparation, Mechanical Properties, and Applications. Gels. 2019; 5(3):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels5030036
Chicago/Turabian StylePanteli, Panayiota A., and Costas S. Patrickios. 2019. "Multiply Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Preparation, Mechanical Properties, and Applications" Gels 5, no. 3: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels5030036