Synthesis of pH-Sensitive Cross-Linked Basil Seed Gum/Acrylic Acid Hydrogels by Free Radical Copolymerization Technique for Sustained Delivery of Captopril
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Basil Seed Gum Extraction and Purification
2.3. Basil-Seed-Gum-Based Hydrogels Fabrication
2.4. Characterization
2.4.1. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopic Studies
2.4.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.4.3. Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD)
2.4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4.5. Porosity Studies
2.4.6. Rheological Properties of BSG-co-poly (AA) Hydrogels
2.5. Determination of Gel%, Yield% and Gel Time
2.6. Swelling Studies
2.6.1. Dynamic Swelling Studies
2.6.2. Equilibrium Swelling Studies
2.7. Drug Loading
2.8. In Vitro Drug-Release Studies
2.9. Drug-Release Kinetics
2.10. Sol–Gel Analysis
2.11. Statistical Analysis
2.12. Acute Toxicology Study
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Analysis of Prepared Hydrogels
3.1.1. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopic Studies
3.1.2. TGA (Thermo Gravimetric Analysis) and DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetric)
3.1.3. Powder X-ray Diffraction Analysis
3.1.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.1.5. Porosity Studies
3.1.6. Rheological Properties of BSG-co-poly (AA) Hydrogels
3.2. Determination of Yield and Gel Percentage and Gelling Time
3.3. Swelling Behavior of Hydrogels
3.3.1. Effect of Medium pH on Hydrogel Swelling
3.3.2. Effect of BSG Content on Hydrogel Swelling
3.3.3. Effect of AA on Swelling of Prepared Hydrogel
3.3.4. Effect of MBA Content on Hydrogel Swelling
3.4. Drug Loading
3.5. In Vitro Drug-Release Studies
3.5.1. Effect of pH on Captopril Release from Hydrogels
3.5.2. Effect of Different Composition Parameters on Captopril Release from Hydrogels
3.6. Drug-Release Kinetic Models
3.7. Sol–Gel Analysis
3.8. General Signs of Acute Toxicology Study
3.8.1. Biochemical Plasma Analysis
3.8.2. Histological Study of Vital Organs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulations | Polymer (BSG) % | Monomer (AA) % | Comonomer (MBA) % | Initiator KPS % |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH1 | 0.5 | 20 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
CH2 | 0.75 | 20 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
CH3 | 1 | 20 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
CH4 | 0.5 | 15 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
CH5 | 0.5 | 25 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
CH6 | 0.5 | 35 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
CH7 | 0.5 | 20 | 0.2 | 0.15 |
CH8 | 0.5 | 20 | 0.4 | 0.15 |
CH9 | 0.5 | 20 | 0.6 | 0.15 |
Formulations | Zero Order R2 | First Order R2 | Higuchi R2 | Korsmeyer-Peppas | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | n | ||||
CH1 | 0.913 | 0.964 | 0.864 | 0.966 | 0.770 |
CH2 | 0.906 | 0.960 | 0.861 | 0.954 | 0.766 |
CH3 | 0.880 | 0.952 | 0.857 | 0.944 | 0.746 |
CH4 | 0.936 | 0.974 | 0.878 | 0.978 | 0.779 |
CH5 | 0.901 | 0.975 | 0.891 | 0.969 | 0.733 |
CH6 | 0.802 | 0.969 | 0.868 | 0.933 | 0.658 |
CH7 | 0.884 | 0.962 | 0.863 | 0.945 | 0.743 |
CH8 | 0.950 | 0.954 | 0.810 | 0.960 | 0.883 |
CH9 | 0.969 | 0.968 | 0.807 | 0.974 | 0.918 |
Parameters to Observe | Control Group (A) | Treated Group (B) | p-Values |
---|---|---|---|
Mortality | Nil | Nil | |
Sign of illness | Nil | Nil | |
Alertness | + | + | |
Dermal toxicity/Dermal irritation | Nil | Nil | |
Ocular toxicity/Eye Irritation & Lacrimation | Nil | Nil | |
Light Reflex | + | + | |
Food intake | |||
Pre-treatment | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 3.4 ± 1.6 | p > 0.05 |
Day 1 | 3.7 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | p > 0.05 |
Day 2 | 3.9 ± 2.9 | 3.4 ± 2.2 | p > 0.05 |
Day 5 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 1.8 | p > 0.05 |
Day 7 | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | p > 0.05 |
Day 14 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 2.6 | p > 0.05 |
Water intake | |||
Pre-treatment | 7.8 ± 2.4 | 7.4 ± 2.0 | p > 0.05 |
Day 1 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 1.0 | p > 0.05 |
Day 2 | 9.2 ± 1.2 | 8.8 ± 1.6 | p > 0.05 |
Day 5 | 11.2 ± 0.9 | 10.4 ± 1.8 | p > 0.05 |
Day 7 | 11.6 ± 1.2 | 10.9 ± 2.1 | p > 0.05 |
Day 14 | 13.2 ± 1.4 | 12.8 ± 1.8 | p > 0.05 |
Body weight | |||
Pre-treatment | 26.5 ± 2.4 | 27.5 ± 1.2 | p > 0.05 |
Day 1 | 26.8 ± 1.2 | 27.9 ± 2.4 | p > 0.05 |
Day 2 | 27.5 ± 1.6 | 28.3 ± 1.2 | p > 0.05 |
Day 5 | 28.5 ± 2.2 | 28.8 ± 3.2 | p > 0.05 |
Day 7 | 29.8 ± 1.4 | 30.4 ± 2.2 | p > 0.05 |
Day 14 | 30.5 ± 1.6 | 31.2 ± 1.4 | p > 0.05 |
Plasma Analysis | Control Group (A) | Treated Group (B) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
ALT (IU/L) | 58 ± 2.9 | 55 ± 4.3 | p > 0.05 |
AST (IU/L) | 156 ± 8.1 | 144 ± 7.3 | p > 0.05 |
ALP (IU/L) | 123.59 ± 1.9 | 119.95 ± 2.4 | p > 0.05 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 137 ± 4.3 | 126 ± 6.2 | p > 0.05 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 122 ± 2.8 | 110 ± 4.4 | p > 0.05 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.43 ± 1.2 | 0.38 ± 0.9 | p > 0.05 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 112.5 ± 0.2 | 116.1 ± 0.5 | p > 0.05 |
Urea (mg/dL) | 58 ± 3.2 | 62 ± 2.3 | p > 0.05 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.4 ± 2.6 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | p > 0.05 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.9 ± 0.7 | 14.2 ± 0.5 | p > 0.05 |
Hematocrit (%) | 40.8 ± 3.0 | 42.4 ± 2.1 | p > 0.05 |
RBCs (106/uL) | 8.4 ± 1.8 | 8.9 ± 1.4 | p > 0.05 |
Platelets (103/uL) | 998 ± 2.1 | 992 ± 4.2 | p > 0.05 |
White blood cells (103/uL) | 4.2 ± 0.11 | 4.5 ± 0.17 | p > 0.05 |
Groups | Heart | Liver | Spleen | Kidney | Stomach |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (A) | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 6.25 ± 0.12 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 0.96 ± 0.04 | 1.42 ± 0.24 |
Hydrogels treated (B) | 0.57 ± 0.05 | 5.96 ± 0.16 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.89 ± 0.02 | 1.36 ± 0.44 |
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Ghumman, S.A.; Noreen, S.; Hameed, H.; Elsherif, M.A.; Shabbir, R.; Rana, M.; Junaid, K.; Bukhari, S.N.A. Synthesis of pH-Sensitive Cross-Linked Basil Seed Gum/Acrylic Acid Hydrogels by Free Radical Copolymerization Technique for Sustained Delivery of Captopril. Gels 2022, 8, 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050291
Ghumman SA, Noreen S, Hameed H, Elsherif MA, Shabbir R, Rana M, Junaid K, Bukhari SNA. Synthesis of pH-Sensitive Cross-Linked Basil Seed Gum/Acrylic Acid Hydrogels by Free Radical Copolymerization Technique for Sustained Delivery of Captopril. Gels. 2022; 8(5):291. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050291
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhumman, Shazia Akram, Sobia Noreen, Huma Hameed, Mervat A. Elsherif, Ramla Shabbir, Mavra Rana, Kashaf Junaid, and Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari. 2022. "Synthesis of pH-Sensitive Cross-Linked Basil Seed Gum/Acrylic Acid Hydrogels by Free Radical Copolymerization Technique for Sustained Delivery of Captopril" Gels 8, no. 5: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8050291