Advanced Hydrogel-Based Strategies for Enhanced Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bone Biology
3. Cartilage Biology
4. Hydrogels: Concept, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications
5. Hydrogels for TERM of Bone and Cartilage
5.1. Hydrogels in Bone Tissue Regeneration
5.1.1. Bioactive Molecules-Loaded Hydrogels
5.1.2. Cells-Loaded Hydrogels
Polymer | Biological Factor | Mechanism of Gelation | Application | Year | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEG | BMP-2 | Chemical crosslinking | Murine non-healing radial bone defect | 2014 | [145] |
Chitosan/β-glycerol phosphate disodium salt | SDF-1α | Chemical crosslinking | Critical-sized calvarial defects in rats | 2017 | [146] |
Calcium alginate | Ultrashort peptide nanofibers | Physical crosslinking | Rebuild osteogenic immune microenvironments | 2024 | [147] |
Chitosan/graphene oxide/hydroxyethyl cellulose/β-glycerol phosphate | Atsttrin | Physical crosslinking | Bone regeneration in diabetic mice model | 2023 | [149] |
Vancomycin/D-Ala-D-Ala/acrylamide | OGP | Physical crosslinking | Infected bone fracture | 2023 | [150] |
Glycol-based dendronized chitosan | GIT1 plasmids | Physical crosslinking | Bone defects | 2023 | [151] |
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose | Biphasic calcium phosphate | Chemical crosslinking | New bone formation | 2009/12 | [154,155] |
Agarose and agarose–collagen | β-TCP | Chemical crosslinking | Osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs | 2018 | [156] |
HA | CaP NPs and strontium ranelate | Chemical crosslinking | Osteoporosis | 2022 | [157] |
Poloxamer 407/HA | BMSCs | Chemical crosslinking | Osteoporosis | 2023 | [159] |
Gelatin-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid | TMSCs | Chemical crosslinking | Postmenopausal osteoporosis | 2018 | [160] |
5.2. Hydrogels in Cartilage Regeneration
5.2.1. Cell-Free Hydrogels
Hydrogel | Core Material | Preparation | Application | Year | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HA | Rapamycin-liposome microspheres | Physical crosslinking | Osteoarthritis | 2022 | [162] |
Methacrylate gelatin hydrogel microspheres | Diclofenac sodium | Physical crosslinking | Osteoarthritis | 2021 | [163] |
Marine collagen | Enzymatic crosslinking | Cartilage regeneration | 2020 | [164] | |
Sodium alginate and gelatin | KGN/TGF-β3 | Double crosslinking | Cartilage regeneration | 2020 | [165,166] |
PEGDA/ECM | Honokiol | Physical crosslinking | Osteochondral defect repair | 2020 | [167] |
PEG-GelMA-HA | DPSCs | Physical crosslinking | Chondrogenic differentiation of DPSCs | 2014 | [169] |
Carrageenan | MSCs | Physical crosslinking | 3D bioprinting | 2016 | [170] |
Chitosan glycerol phosphate/starch | ASCs | Physical crosslinking | Cartilage tissue engineering | 2010 | [171,172] |
HSMSSA | Chondrocytes | Di-self-crosslinking | Cartilage repair fille | 2020 | [173] |
5.2.2. Cell-Loaded Hydrogels
6. Conclusions and Future Trends
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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De Leon-Oliva, D.; Boaru, D.L.; Perez-Exposito, R.E.; Fraile-Martinez, O.; García-Montero, C.; Diaz, R.; Bujan, J.; García-Honduvilla, N.; Lopez-Gonzalez, L.; Álvarez-Mon, M.; et al. Advanced Hydrogel-Based Strategies for Enhanced Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2023, 9, 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9110885
De Leon-Oliva D, Boaru DL, Perez-Exposito RE, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, Diaz R, Bujan J, García-Honduvilla N, Lopez-Gonzalez L, Álvarez-Mon M, et al. Advanced Hydrogel-Based Strategies for Enhanced Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Gels. 2023; 9(11):885. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9110885
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Leon-Oliva, Diego, Diego Liviu Boaru, Roque Emilio Perez-Exposito, Oscar Fraile-Martinez, Cielo García-Montero, Raul Diaz, Julia Bujan, Natalio García-Honduvilla, Laura Lopez-Gonzalez, Melchor Álvarez-Mon, and et al. 2023. "Advanced Hydrogel-Based Strategies for Enhanced Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review" Gels 9, no. 11: 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9110885