NaAlg-g-AA Hydrogels: Candidates in Sustainable Agriculture Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Gel Fraction and Network Parameters
2.2. Sol–Gel Analysis
2.3. ATR-FTIR Analysis
2.4. Swelling Kinetics and Swelling Power
3. Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Experimental Installation and Samples Preparation
4.3. Sodium Alginate-g-Acrylic Acid Hydrogels Characterization
4.3.1. Gel Fraction and Swelling
4.3.2. Network Parameters
4.3.3. Sol–Gel Analysis
4.3.4. ATR-FTIR Analysis
4.3.5. Swelling Kinetics and Swelling Power
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dose | NaAlg | Gel Fraction | Mc | q × 104 | ξ | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kGy) | (%) | (%) | (g/mol) | (nm) | (%) | |
12.5 | 0.5 | 85.09 ± 0.47 | 1,280,778 ± 9185 | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 197 ± 5.20 | 99.03 ± 0.01 |
1.0 | 86.81 ± 2.41 | 1,104,867 ± 209,444 | 0.73 ± 0.21 | 180 ± 10.58 | 98.93 ± 0.16 | |
1.5 | 87.23 ± 0.71 | 760,629 ± 87,288 | 1.10 ± 0.16 | 141 ± 11.55 | 98.74 ± 0.10 | |
2.0 | 87.26 ± 1.99 | 978,774 ± 366,273 | 0.89 ± 0.19 | 169 ± 13.61 | 98.93 ± 0.15 | |
15 | 0.5 | 87.16 ± 0.82 | 1,259,597 ± 171,879 | 0.62 ± 0.10 | 195 ± 19.00 | 99.02 ± 0.09 |
1.0 | 88.57 ± 1.42 | 1,034,249 ± 141,578 | 0.78 ± 0.14 | 172 ± 17.01 | 98.89 ± 0.11 | |
1.5 | 89.12 ± 1.81 | 675,868 ± 251,093 | 1.24 ± 0.28 | 130 ± 10.15 | 98.65 ± 0.20 | |
2.0 | 89.41 ± 3.71 | 912,866 ± 386,402 | 0.95 ± 0.22 | 161 ± 15.53 | 98.89 ± 0.17 | |
17.5 | 0.5 | 89.59 ± 0.62 | 942,176 ± 69,847 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 158 ± 8.08 | 98.80 ± 0.06 |
1.0 | 90.06 ± 0.53 | 971,382 ± 127,415 | 0.83 ± 0.15 | 163 ± 15.14 | 98.81 ± 0.14 | |
1.5 | 90.26 ± 1.38 | 597,842 ± 135,890 | 1.40 ± 0.23 | 118 ± 15.28 | 98.51 ± 0.15 | |
2.0 | 90.30 ± 1.81 | 853,962 ± 231,492 | 1.02 ± 0.18 | 153 ± 16.17 | 98.81 ± 0.13 | |
20 | 0.5 | 91.87 ± 1.82 | 912,356 ± 110,643 | 0.85 ± 0.09 | 153 ± 12.66 | 98.74 ± 0.08 |
1.0 | 92.04 ± 1.95 | 889,683 ± 114,085 | 0.91 ± 0.10 | 152 ± 13.00 | 98.71 ± 0.08 | |
1.5 | 91.55 ± 1.93 | 566,062 ± 301,028 | 1.48 ± 0.41 | 113 ± 8.19 | 98.42 ± 0.28 | |
2.0 | 90.77 ± 2.26 | 731,308 ± 183,880 | 1.19 ± 0.21 | 136 ± 17.93 | 98.66 ± 0.14 | |
25 | 0.5 | 94.90 ± 1.47 | 661,076 ± 145,925 | 1.17 ± 0.47 | 122 ± 9.54 | 98.45 ± 0.31 |
1.0 | 94.40 ± 2.80 | 637,864 ± 96,165 | 1.27 ± 0.27 | 120 ± 13.20 | 98.40 ± 0.18 | |
1.5 | 93.88 ± 1.89 | 556,987 ± 32,206 | 1.51 ± 0.08 | 110 ± 4.62 | 98.36 ± 0.05 | |
2.0 | 93.13 ± 1.73 | 598,177 ± 5168 | 1.45 ± 0.01 | 117 ± 6.35 | 98.46 ± 0.01 |
Composition | p0/q0 | Dg (kGy) | Dv (kGy) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sol 1 (0.5% NaAlg) | 0.13 | 1.60 | 2.50 | 0.96 |
Sol 2 (1.0% NaAlg) | 0.17 | 0.11 | 3.96 | 0.97 |
Sol 3 (1.5% NaAlg) | 0.24 | 1.10 | 2.00 | 0.97 |
Sol 4 (2.0% NaAlg) | 0.33 | 1.31 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
Dose (kGy) | Radiochemical Yields (mol/J × 10−10) | Sol 1 (0.5% NaAlg) | Sol 2 (1.0% NaAlg) | Sol 3 (1.5% NaAlg) | Sol 4 (2.0% NaAlg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.5 | GX | 4.62 | 5.44 | 6.55 | 4.96 |
GS | 1.28 | 1.92 | 3.20 | 3.27 | |
15 | GX | 3.88 | 4.86 | 5.92 | 4.17 |
GS | 1.07 | 1.71 | 2.89 | 2.75 | |
17.5 | GX | 4.47 | 4.44 | 5.49 | 4.80 |
GS | 1.24 | 1.56 | 2.68 | 3.17 | |
20 | GX | 4.07 | 4.25 | 5.51 | 4.37 |
GS | 1.13 | 1.50 | 2.69 | 2.88 | |
25 | GX | 4.43 | 4.69 | 5.28 | 4.76 |
GS | 1.23 | 1.65 | 2.58 | 3.14 |
NaAlg (%) | Dose (kGy) | Smax (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Distilled Water (Water 1) | Tap Water (Water 2) | Rainwater (Water 3) | ||
0.5% | 12.5 | 9831 ± 586 | 10,047 ± 807 | 7806 ± 345 |
15 | 8330 ± 335 | 9924 ± 695 | 5224 ± 355 | |
17.5 | 7953 ± 315 | 9093 ± 498 | 4877 ± 240 | |
20 | 6438 ± 591 | 6515 ± 360 | 3881 ± 208 | |
25 | 3396 ± 215 | 5821 ± 432 | 3011 ± 253 | |
1.0% | 12.5 | 10,117 ± 623 | 9257 ± 666 | 7556 ± 436 |
15 | 9878 ± 640 | 7960 ± 322 | 5701 ± 469 | |
17.5 | 9860 ± 428 | 7206 ± 439 | 4891 ± 209 | |
20 | 6967 ± 374 | 6879 ± 357 | 3998 ± 167 | |
25 | 4411 ± 405 | 5904 ± 217 | 2942 ± 186 | |
1.5% | 12.5 | 9129 ± 636 | 7968 ± 440 | 5552 ± 437 |
15 | 8165 ± 532 | 7534 ± 333 | 5286 ± 354 | |
17.5 | 7650 ± 283 | 7063 ± 356 | 4673 ± 297 | |
20 | 6612 ± 233 | 7054 ± 438 | 3926 ± 230 | |
25 | 4710 ± 342 | 5240 ± 249 | 3249 ± 213 | |
2.0% | 12.5 | 10,572 ± 696 | 8623 ± 375 | 7439 ± 439 |
15 | 10,182 ± 459 | 8311 ± 305 | 6805 ± 355 | |
17.5 | 9746 ± 376 | 6992 ± 334 | 6588 ± 298 | |
20 | 9726 ± 358 | 6354 ± 207 | 4636 ± 228 | |
25 | 5911 ± 306 | 6030 ± 289 | 3645 ± 218 |
Dose (kGy) | Water Type | 0.5% NaAlg | 1% NaAlg | 1.5% NaAlg | 2% NaAlg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k1,S | R2 | k1,S | R2 | k1,S | R2 | k1,S | R2 | ||
12.5 | Water 1 | 3.68 | 0.999 | 4.42 | 1.000 | 6.39 | 0.999 | 5.14 | 0.996 |
Water 2 | 4.82 | 0.992 | 4.07 | 0.998 | 4.74 | 0.999 | 5.12 | 0.999 | |
Water 3 | 4.10 | 0.996 | 6.25 | 0.998 | 6.95 | 0.995 | 9.84 | 0.983 | |
15 | Water 1 | 3.92 | 0.999 | 4.18 | 0.999 | 6.48 | 0.998 | 5.08 | 0.991 |
Water 2 | 4.43 | 0.995 | 3.65 | 0.998 | 4.67 | 0.997 | 4.63 | 0.999 | |
Water 3 | 3.91 | 0.998 | 7.01 | 0.987 | 7.88 | 0.988 | 7.71 | 0.992 | |
17.5 | Water 1 | 3.80 | 1.000 | 3.82 | 0.998 | 6.42 | 0.997 | 5.77 | 0.997 |
Water 2 | 4.32 | 0.999 | 4.07 | 0.999 | 4.76 | 0.994 | 5.51 | 0.998 | |
Water 3 | 3.80 | 0.998 | 6.29 | 0.996 | 5.58 | 0.997 | 7.28 | 0.984 | |
20 | Water 1 | 3.85 | 0.999 | 4.53 | 0.998 | 6.26 | 0.983 | 4.99 | 0.992 |
Water 2 | 4.68 | 0.999 | 3.88 | 0.999 | 5.52 | 0.997 | 4.74 | 0.999 | |
Water 3 | 4.44 | 0.995 | 5.13 | 0.996 | 5.89 | 0.996 | 9.24 | 0.994 | |
25 | Water 1 | 3.66 | 0.994 | 5.21 | 0.996 | 6.01 | 0.998 | 4.84 | 0.999 |
Water 2 | 5.00 | 0.998 | 4.89 | 0.998 | 4.27 | 0.998 | 5.77 | 0.999 | |
Water 3 | 4.38 | 0.992 | 6.29 | 0.995 | 10.30 | 0.998 | 12.00 | 0.998 |
Dose (kGy) | Water Type | 0.5% NaAlg | 1.0% NaAlg | 1.5% NaAlg | 2.0% NaAlg | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r0 | Smax | R2 | r0 | Smax | R2 | r0 | Smax | R2 | r0 | Smax | R2 | ||
12.5 | Water 1 | 27.08 | 150.89 | 0.992 | 22.03 | 146.22 | 0.985 | 14.72 | 159.93 | 0.989 | 20.06 | 153.55 | 0.978 |
Water 2 | 24.40 | 159.24 | 0.939 | 27.07 | 143.69 | 0.979 | 24.30 | 110.79 | 0.987 | 19.23 | 113.25 | 0.992 | |
Water 3 | 24.49 | 103.55 | 0.994 | 15.71 | 90.79 | 0.997 | 16.93 | 64.06 | 0.998 | 13.00 | 87.51 | 0.992 | |
15 | Water 1 | 31.37 | 129.18 | 0.985 | 22.32 | 140.54 | 0.998 | 15.65 | 100.44 | 0.990 | 20.41 | 145.61 | 0.983 |
Water 2 | 25.19 | 156.96 | 0.958 | 29.77 | 116.49 | 0.992 | 25.21 | 102.75 | 0.993 | 23.66 | 115.70 | 0.988 | |
Water 3 | 40.29 | 71.54 | 0.992 | 19.89 | 68.44 | 0.996 | 18.31 | 61.62 | 0.997 | 17.75 | 83.23 | 0.992 | |
17.5 | Water 1 | 32.05 | 118.82 | 0.991 | 23.39 | 141.20 | 0.996 | 16.77 | 108.24 | 0.990 | 19.72 | 137.10 | 0.967 |
Water 2 | 27.28 | 140.30 | 0.975 | 32.04 | 106.60 | 0.988 | 27.76 | 98.29 | 0.989 | 20.82 | 88.24 | 0.995 | |
Water 3 | 41.94 | 65.71 | 0.993 | 23.60 | 58.37 | 0.998 | 26.44 | 55.93 | 0.998 | 18.70 | 80.22 | 0.994 | |
20 | Water 1 | 37.80 | 95.39 | 0.992 | 26.93 | 93.33 | 0.996 | 18.68 | 113.13 | 0.992 | 21.00 | 137.29 | 0.985 |
Water 2 | 31.78 | 91.40 | 0.990 | 34.43 | 100.95 | 0.994 | 22.32 | 91.97 | 0.989 | 28.52 | 85.59 | 0.990 | |
Water 3 | 40.68 | 48.71 | 0.997 | 28.98 | 47.11 | 0.999 | 32.36 | 47.37 | 0.998 | 13.38 | 51.21 | 0.998 | |
25 | Water 1 | 54.75 | 43.75 | 0.993 | 31.57 | 54.28 | 0.998 | 25.39 | 58.26 | 0.998 | 27.71 | 75.81 | 0.997 |
Water 2 | 33.63 | 81.78 | 0.981 | 32.12 | 81.23 | 0.988 | 35.89 | 70.78 | 0.994 | 22.93 | 75.09 | 0.995 | |
Water 3 | 49.27 | 36.96 | 0.994 | 31.90 | 33.79 | 0.999 | 17.01 | 35.60 | 0.997 | 15.21 | 39.95 | 0.997 |
Dose (kGy) | Water Type | 0.5% NaAlg | 1.0% NaAlg | 1.5% NaAlg | 2.0% NaAlg | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k | n | R2 | k | n | R2 | k | n | R2 | k | n | R2 | ||
12.5 | Water 1 | 6.17 | 0.89 | 0.997 | 6.36 | 0.91 | 0.991 | 11.35 | 0.85 | 0.973 | 7.39 | 0.90 | 0.998 |
Water 2 | 3.43 | 0.99 | 0.997 | 5.46 | 0.90 | 0.998 | 8.15 | 0.85 | 0.995 | 13.34 | 0.80 | 0.994 | |
Water 3 | 18.24 | 0.73 | 0.990 | 18.37 | 0.76 | 0.985 | 22.23 | 0.71 | 0.977 | 17.97 | 0.78 | 0.982 | |
15 | Water 1 | 4.35 | 0.92 | 0.994 | 9.75 | 0.84 | 0.993 | 11.50 | 0.84 | 0.977 | 8.75 | 0.87 | 0.996 |
Water 2 | 4.28 | 0.95 | 0.998 | 10.27 | 0.79 | 0.999 | 8.71 | 0.83 | 0.994 | 9.03 | 0.84 | 0.996 | |
Water 3 | 11.77 | 0.72 | 0.999 | 21.42 | 0.70 | 0.987 | 19.85 | 0.71 | 0.983 | 15.49 | 0.77 | 0.996 | |
17.5 | Water 1 | 4.64 | 0.90 | 0.991 | 8.33 | 0.86 | 0.993 | 10.31 | 0.84 | 0.974 | 5.38 | 0.94 | 0.993 |
Water 2 | 4.43 | 0.93 | 0.996 | 6.11 | 0.86 | 0.997 | 7.34 | 0.84 | 0.997 | 13.28 | 0.78 | 0.986 | |
Water 3 | 11.06 | 0.72 | 0.997 | 18.92 | 0.69 | 0.987 | 17.39 | 0.70 | 0.996 | 22.17 | 0.71 | 0.997 | |
20 | Water 1 | 4.81 | 0.83 | 0.991 | 8.97 | 0.82 | 0.999 | 10.13 | 0.83 | 0.983 | 9.29 | 0.85 | 0.997 |
Water 2 | 5.48 | 0.87 | 0.996 | 6.52 | 0.84 | 0.997 | 9.83 | 0.82 | 0.991 | 8.47 | 0.81 | 0.994 | |
Water 3 | 12.58 | 0.70 | 0.990 | 21.95 | 0.64 | 0.989 | 15.76 | 0.68 | 0.996 | 29.91 | 0.66 | 0.964 | |
25 | Water 1 | 10.36 | 0.68 | 0.987 | 12.02 | 0.73 | 0.979 | 12.98 | 0.74 | 0.977 | 11.22 | 0.77 | 0.990 |
Water 2 | 4.76 | 0.88 | 0.996 | 6.52 | 0.84 | 0.997 | 9.37 | 0.77 | 0.995 | 11.77 | 0.78 | 0.983 | |
Water 3 | 15.96 | 0.63 | 0.989 | 22.03 | 0.61 | 0.980 | 29.92 | 0.61 | 0.974 | 25.61 | 0.65 | 0.966 |
Dose (kGy) | Water Type | 0.5% NaAlg | 1.0% NaAlg | 1.5% NaAlg | 2.0% NaAlg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D × 103 | R2 | D × 103 | R2 | D × 103 | R2 | D × 103 | R2 | ||
12.5 | Water 1 | 1.29 | 0.996 | 1.49 | 0.996 | 2.04 | 0.998 | 1.92 | 0.989 |
Water 2 | 1.86 | 0.984 | 1.30 | 0.989 | 1.13 | 0.996 | 1.25 | 0.998 | |
Water 3 | 0.73 | 0.998 | 1.15 | 0.995 | 0.68 | 0.990 | 1.54 | 0.996 | |
15 | Water 1 | 0.86 | 0.995 | 1.29 | 0.997 | 1.65 | 0.995 | 1.74 | 0.992 |
Water 2 | 1.52 | 0.986 | 0.72 | 0.993 | 1.04 | 0.997 | 1.07 | 0.995 | |
Water 3 | 0.31 | 0.995 | 0.61 | 0.996 | 0.60 | 0.993 | 1.08 | 0.997 | |
17.5 | Water 1 | 0.71 | 0.995 | 1.19 | 0.996 | 1.36 | 0.994 | 1.68 | 0.990 |
Water 2 | 1.28 | 0.987 | 0.75 | 0.993 | 0.91 | 0.994 | 0.89 | 0.999 | |
Water 3 | 0.26 | 0.998 | 0.44 | 0.996 | 0.41 | 0.999 | 0.85 | 0.998 | |
20 | Water 1 | 0.48 | 0.998 | 0.67 | 0.997 | 1.14 | 0.995 | 1.60 | 0.993 |
Water 2 | 0.73 | 0.993 | 0.64 | 0.993 | 0.89 | 0.998 | 0.65 | 0.997 | |
Water 3 | 0.19 | 0.997 | 0.25 | 0.995 | 0.26 | 0.999 | 0.52 | 0.976 | |
25 | Water 1 | 0.15 | 0.999 | 0.35 | 0.991 | 0.56 | 0.995 | 0.74 | 0.998 |
Water 2 | 0.76 | 0.993 | 0.73 | 0.994 | 0.49 | 0.998 | 0.95 | 1.000 | |
Water 3 | 0.13 | 0.996 | 0.19 | 0.989 | 0.33 | 0.985 | 0.45 | 0.978 |
Solutions Codes | Amount of Chemicals (g/100 mL Solution) | ||
---|---|---|---|
SA | AA | PP | |
Sol. 1 | 0.5 | 20 | 0.1 |
Sol. 2 | 1.0 | ||
Sol. 3 | 1.5 | ||
Sol. 4 | 2.0 |
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Share and Cite
Manaila, E.; Demeter, M.; Calina, I.C.; Craciun, G. NaAlg-g-AA Hydrogels: Candidates in Sustainable Agriculture Applications. Gels 2023, 9, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9040316
Manaila E, Demeter M, Calina IC, Craciun G. NaAlg-g-AA Hydrogels: Candidates in Sustainable Agriculture Applications. Gels. 2023; 9(4):316. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9040316
Chicago/Turabian StyleManaila, Elena, Maria Demeter, Ion Cosmin Calina, and Gabriela Craciun. 2023. "NaAlg-g-AA Hydrogels: Candidates in Sustainable Agriculture Applications" Gels 9, no. 4: 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9040316