An Experimental Study of Pulsatile Flow in a Compliant Aortic Root Model under Varied Cardiac Outputs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Cardiovascular Flow Simulator
2.2. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
2.3. Test Conditions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Phase-Averaged Flow Patterns in a Typical Cardiac Cycle
3.2. Structural Deformation in a Typical Cardiac Cycle
3.3. Effects of Reduced Cardiac Output
4. Conclusions
- The flow field characteristics during a typical cardiac cycle have been revealed using phase-locked PIV. Both the jet flow patterns and the turbulence kinetic energy vary significantly at different phases with changes of the pressure gradient. High TKE was observed after the peak systole when flow started to decelerate.
- The pulsatile flow caused noticeable structural deformations under normal cardiac output. The largest circumferential deformation was found at the aortic annulus upstream of the aortic valve at a phase prior to the peak systolic phase. The maximum valve orifice area was also found at a phase prior to the peak systole under the baseline 4 L/min condition.
- Cardiac output (CO) plays an important role in the hemodynamics and structural responses of the aortic valve root. A decrease of CO from 4 L/min to 2 L/min and 1 L/min resulted in a reduced exit jet flow velocity and a deceased turbulence downstream. Reduced CO also contributed to a decrease in circumferential deformation, a decrease in orifice area, and a shortened valve opening period.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cardiac Output | Stroke Volume | Re | Wo |
---|---|---|---|
[L/min] | [mL] | ||
1 | 16.7 | 903 | 11.7 |
2 | 33.3 | 2249 | |
4 | 66.7 | 4370 |
Cardiac Output | 1 L/min | 2 L/min | 4 L/min | Effective Orifice Area of a Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve [48] | Area Strain (Mean) [44] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GOA (cm2) | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.37–1.9 | - |
AS (%) at Aortic Annulus | 8.1 | 11.3 | 14.3 | - | - |
AS (%) at Aortic Sinus | 2.8 | 4.6 | 7.0 | - | - |
AS (%) at Sinotubular Junction | 2.9 | 7.2 | 7.9 | - | 8.1 |
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Zhang, R.; Zhang, Y. An Experimental Study of Pulsatile Flow in a Compliant Aortic Root Model under Varied Cardiac Outputs. Fluids 2018, 3, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids3040071
Zhang R, Zhang Y. An Experimental Study of Pulsatile Flow in a Compliant Aortic Root Model under Varied Cardiac Outputs. Fluids. 2018; 3(4):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids3040071
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ruihang, and Yan Zhang. 2018. "An Experimental Study of Pulsatile Flow in a Compliant Aortic Root Model under Varied Cardiac Outputs" Fluids 3, no. 4: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids3040071