Apple Pomace Modulates the Microbiota and Increases the Propionate Ratio in an In Vitro Piglet Gastrointestinal Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Equipment, Inocula, Culture Media and Sample Collection
2.2. Microbial Metabolites
2.3. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. SCFA Results
3.2. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Lactation CM | PW Control CM | PW AP CM |
---|---|---|---|
Mucin (Sigma-Aldrich, St-Louis, MO, USA) | 6.0 g/L | 6.0 g/L | 6.0 g/L |
Proteose-Peptone n°3 (BD Bacto Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) | 1.0 g/L | 1.0 g/L | 1.0 g/L |
Potato starch (Sigma-Aldrich, St-Louis, MO, USA) | 1.0 g/L | 1.0 g/L | 1.0 g/L |
L-Cysteine hydrochloride (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) | 0.2 g/L | 0.2 g/L | 0.2 g/L |
Nuklospray Yoghurt 1 (Dumoulin, Andenne, Belgium) | 8.0 g/L | 0.0 g/L | 0.0 g/L |
Post-weaning diet for piglets 2 (ABZDiervoeding, Nijkerk, The Netherlands) | 0.0 g/L | 8.0 g/L | 8.0 g/L |
Apple pomace (Extr’Apple SAS, Pleudihen-sur-Rance, France) | 0.0 g/L | 0.0 g/L | 0.65 g/L |
SCFA | Pre-Colon Bioreactors | Proximal Colon Bioreactors | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control (n = 2) | AP (n = 2) | Control (n = 2) | AP (n = 2) | Bioreactor (B) | Medium (M) | B * M | |
C2 | 2019 | 2146 | 2157 | 1685 | ns | ns | ns |
C3 | 1126 | 1352 | 1200 | 1165 | ns | ns | ns |
iC4 | 38.1 | 44.5 | 36.1 | 44.6 | ns | ns | ns |
C4 | 692 | 579 | 714 | 556 | ns | ns | ns |
iC5 | 103 | 98 | 111 | 92 | ns | ns | ns |
C5 | 556 | 531 | 591 | 494 | ns | ns | ns |
C6 | 110 | 137 | 166 | 118 | ns | ns | ns |
Sum | 4644 | 4887 | 4975 | 4155 | ns | ns | ns |
Ratio C2 (%) | 59.3 | 58.8 | 59.6 | 56.1 | ns | ns | ns |
Ratio C3 (%) | 26.9 | 30.4 | 27.0 | 31.4 | ns | 0.021 | ns |
Ratio C4 (%) | 13.8 | 10.8 | 13.5 | 12.6 | ns | 0.009 | ns |
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Dufourny, S.; Lebrun, S.; Douny, C.; Dubois, B.; Scippo, M.-L.; Wavreille, J.; Rondia, P.; Everaert, N.; Delcenserie, V. Apple Pomace Modulates the Microbiota and Increases the Propionate Ratio in an In Vitro Piglet Gastrointestinal Model. Fermentation 2022, 8, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080408
Dufourny S, Lebrun S, Douny C, Dubois B, Scippo M-L, Wavreille J, Rondia P, Everaert N, Delcenserie V. Apple Pomace Modulates the Microbiota and Increases the Propionate Ratio in an In Vitro Piglet Gastrointestinal Model. Fermentation. 2022; 8(8):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080408
Chicago/Turabian StyleDufourny, Sandrine, Sarah Lebrun, Caroline Douny, Benjamin Dubois, Marie-Louise Scippo, José Wavreille, Pierre Rondia, Nadia Everaert, and Véronique Delcenserie. 2022. "Apple Pomace Modulates the Microbiota and Increases the Propionate Ratio in an In Vitro Piglet Gastrointestinal Model" Fermentation 8, no. 8: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080408