Research Progress of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improving Plant Resistance to Temperature Stress

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

 

Review Comments for Manuscript ID horticulturae-3089298

Dear Editor and Authors, 

This review is well prepared and addresses a highly relevant topic that can provide valuable information in plant resistance to temperature stress.

However, there are areas that can be improved:

- Keywords: It is recommended to avoid repetition of title terms in keywords. Instead, use alternative terms that broaden the search possibilities by indexing, which will improve the visibility of the article in scientific databases.

- It would be beneficial to include a diagram depicting all aspects discussed in the paper and their interrelationships.

- SDGs: The authors should deepen the relationship of the topic presented in this review article with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), identification of which ones frame the thematic, the mechanisms of action and examples. Where possible, I suggest authors provide information related to impact quantification: Include quantitative data highlighting the positive impact of AMFs on agriculture and sustainability.

- Large-scale production and application: Provide information on large-scale production and application of AMF to improve crop yields and quality. If no work is available, authors may suggest future work that addresses.

These suggestions aim to strengthen the review's impact and relevance, aligning it with current research trends.

Best regards,

 

 

Author Response

Dear Editor and reviewers,

Thank you very much for consideration of this manuscript and peer review with helpful suggestions. We have revised the manuscript according to your suggestions with red background that you can immediately recognize where the changes have been made.

Now, I will answer reviewers’ comments one by one.

 

Response to the comments of Reviewer #1:

1. Keywords: It is recommended to avoid repetition of title terms in keywords. Instead, use alternative terms that broaden the search possibilities by indexing, which will improve the visibility of the article in scientific databases.

 

Response: Thank you for pointing out this problem in our manuscript. We have made some modifications in response to your suggestion. We removed the keywords antioxidant system, osmotic equilibrium and photosynthesis, Added physiology and biochemistry changes, molecular mechanism.

 

2. It would be beneficial to include a diagram depicting all aspects discussed in the paper and their interrelationships.

 

Response: Thank you for making this suggestion in our manuscript. All the tables in the text are aggregated into a new table.

 

3. SDGs: The authors should deepen the relationship of the topic presented in this review article with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), identification of which ones frame the thematic, the mechanisms of action and examples. Where possible, I suggest authors provide information related to impact quantification: Include quantitative data highlighting the positive impact of AMFs on agriculture and sustainability.

 

Response: Thank you for your questions and suggestions. We added some content to that. AMF can increase the sustainability of agricultural also improve the quantity and quality of crop(1). There are research reports Yield and plant nutrition were improved by inoculation in 84 and 92% of 81 and 112 experiments, respectively, AMF inoculation has appeared to be highly positive for plant development (2). Mycorrhizal symbiosis can capable of reducing use of chemical fertilizer by 25–90% particularly NPK depending on crop species, soil type, and management practices, while increasing productivity in the range of 16–78% (3).

 

4. Large-scale production and application: Provide information onlarge-scale production and application of AMF to improve crop yields and quality. If no work is available, authors may suggest future work that addresses.

 

Response: Thank you for your questions and suggestions. So we added the following. Sery et al. discover cassava production increased by 16.6% and 19.4% after inoculation with AMF(4). AMF have been determined to increase  total patato and Cotton crop yield by 9.5% and 28.54%(5,6). The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has become an important part of sustainable agriculture research.

Reviewer 2 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

Overall, the work is well-structured, and this contribution should be considered for publication after addressing the following comments.

1. This manuscript is well written. It is a review article where the authors bring to the scientific community the benefits of the studies and use of mycorrhizae.

2. Despite all the information about mycorrhizae, I did not identify any work in the literature by any of the authors. Which seems strange to me. Doing a review of a topic in which no work by the group is cited.

I ask that if there is work on the topic addressed by any of the authors, please cite it in the references.

Author Response

Dear Editor and reviewers,

Thank you very much for consideration of this manuscript and peer review with helpful suggestions. We have revised the manuscript according to your suggestions with red background that you can immediately recognize where the changes have been made.

Now, I will answer reviewers’ comments one by one.

Response to the comments of Reviewer #2:

Despite all the information about mycorrhizae, I did not identify any work in the literature by any of the authors. Which seems strange to me. Doing a review of a topic in which no work by the group is cited. I ask that if there is work on the topic addressed by any of the authors, please cite it in the references.

 

Response: Thank you for your advice. We made the following changes.

Liu, C, Y.; Wang, P.; Zhang, D, J.; et al. Mycorrhiza-induced change in root hair growth is associated with IAA accumulation and expression of EXPs in trifoliate orange under two P levels. Scientia Horticulturae, 2018, 234, 227-235. DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-20456-4.

Sun MF, Yuan D, Hu XC, Zhang DJ*, Li YY. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth, nutrient absorption and phytohormones levels in tea under shading condition. Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2020, 48(4): 2006-2020. DOI 10.15835/nbha48412082.

Zha, Q.; Xi, X.; He, Y.; et al. Transcriptomic analysis of the leaves of two grapevine cultivars under high-temperature stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 2020, 265:109265. DOI 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109265.

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The title of this review is of interest to a wide readership in the plant sciences. However, the content of the review needs much further endeavour before it can be considered a significant and cutting edge assessment of the field of research. The following provide the main areas to focus on in rewriting the manuscript.

1.      Putting keywords into Scopus and other data bases reveals that there are a large number of papers that have not been included in the review and contain important information that should be discussed.

2.      The review should explore the theoretical basis in greater depth and develop options for the practical use of AMF in horticulture and agriculture. The concluding statements in the Summary and Conclusion sections really do not reflect the paper’s content and much greater substantiation of the topic is needed in a cutting-edge review.

3.      The statement “This article summarizes the hazards of temperature stress to plants and the physiological and molecular responses of plants inoculated with AMF under temperature stress, providing a theoretical basis for further discussion on the improvement of AMF resistance in plants.” highlights to the reader that the objectives of the review do not entail critical analysis of the field. The aims and objectives should be reworked to reflect a more analytical approach. Also, the outcomes of the study should be more strongly defined and linked to practical outcomes that can be explored in greater depth in the future.

4.      The review would benefit from the inclusion of a short methodology stating what bibliometric methods were employed, and how the papers discussed were identified.

5.      There should be greater focus on the AMF + temperature studies and less on findings for non-mycorrhizal plants or studies in which the mycorrhizal status of the test plant is unknown.

6.      Figure 1 is very similar to a previously published figure. The information would be better placed into a table and include more responses for belowground parts.

7.      Table 2 is general and not specific to AM plants. The information has been reviewed in great detail in many recent reviews. Please focus on the topic of the paper and assume that the reader has a reasonable understanding of plant stress responses.

8.      Table 3 can be extended to be more comprehensive of the topic. Please avoid words like “goes up”, “boosts”. Instead mention the magnitude of the changes.

9.      Lastly, the depth of the discussion throughout and the conclusions can be strengthened.

10.   I encourage the authors to reexamine the topic and explore it in greater depth.

Author Response

Dear Editor and reviewers,

Thank you very much for consideration of this manuscript and peer review with helpful suggestions. We have revised the manuscript according to your suggestions with red background that you can immediately recognize where the changes have been made.

Now, I will answer reviewers’ comments one by one.

 

Response to the comments of Reviewer #3:

1. Putting keywordsinto Scopus and other data bases reveals that there are a large number of papers that have not been included in the review and contain important information that should be discussed.

 

Response: Thank you for your questions. To this end, we consulted and cited more literature.

Degenhardt, J.; Köllner, T. G.; Gershenzon, J. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases and the origin of terpene skeletal diversity in plants. Phytochemistry, 2009, 70, 1621–1637. DOI 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.030.

Singh, B.; Sharma, R, A. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech, 2015, 5(2):129-151. DOI 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2.

Amani, Machiani, M.; Javanmard, A.; Habibi, Machiani, R.; et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites. Plants (Basel). 2022,23;11(17):2183. DOI 10.3390/plants11172183.

Akiyama, K. Chemical identification and functional analysis of apocarotenoids involved in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2007, 71(6):1405-14. DOI 10.1271/bbb.70023.

Heikham, E.; Rupam, K.; Bhoopander, G. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in alleviation of salt stress: a review. Annals of Botany, 2009, 104(7):1263-1280, DOI 10.1093/aob/mcp251.

Chen, X, Y.; Song, F, B.; Liu, F, L.; et al. Effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and physiology of maize at ambient and low temperature regimes, Scientific World Journal, 2014, 2014:956141. DOI 10.1155/2014/956141.

 

2. The review should explore the theoretical basis in greater depth and develop options for the practical use of AMF in horticulture and agriculture.The concluding statements in the Summary and Conclusion sections really do not reflect the paper’s content and much greater substantiation of the topic is needed in a cutting-edge review.

 

Response: Thank you for pointing out this problem in our manuscript. We have made the following changes for this purpose.

AMF can increase the sustainability of agricultural also improve the quantity and quality of crop (8). There are research reports Yield and plant nutrition were improved by inoculation in 84 and 92% of 81 and 112 experiments, respectively, AMF inoculation has appeared to be highly positive for plant development (9). Mycorrhizal symbiosis can capable of reducing use of chemical fertilizer by 25–90% particularly NPK depending on crop species, soil type, and management practices, while increasing productivity in the range of 16–78% (10). The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has become an important part of sustainable agriculture research. Sery et al. discover cassava production increased by 16.6% and 19.4% after inoculation with AMF (11). AMF have been determined to increase  total patato and Cotton crop yield by 9.5% and 28.54% (12,13). The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has become an important part of sustainable agriculture research.

 

3. The statement “This article summarizes the hazards of temperature stress to plants and the physiological and molecular responses of plants inoculated with AMF under temperature stress, providing a theoretical basis for further discussion on the improvement of AMF resistance in plants.” highlights to the reader that the objectives of the review do not entail critical analysis of the field. The aims and objectives should be reworked to reflect a more analytical approach. Also, the outcomes of the study should be more strongly defined and linked to practical outcomes that can be explored in greater depth in the future.

 

Response: Thank you for pointing out this problem in our manuscript. We added the application of AMF in sustainable agriculture, as well as the effects of AMF on the biochemical metabolism of plants and other aspects, hoping to have a better support for the purpose of our article

 

4. The review would benefit from the inclusion of a short methodology stating what bibliometric methods were employed, and how the papers discussed were identified.

 

Response: Thank you for your questions. To this end, we searched a large number of articles on Google scholra by keyword AMF+ temperature stress, and the following are the added the following cited articles.

Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H. The Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Microbial Biostimulant, Sustainable Approaches in Modern Agriculture. Plants, 2023, 12(17), 3101. DOI 10.3390/plants12173101.

Berruti, A.; Lumini, E.; Balestrini, R.; et al. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Natural Biofertilizers: Let's Benefit from Past Successes. Front Microbiol, 2016,19(6):1559. DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01559.

Ebbisa, A. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in Optimizing Nutrient Bioavailability and Reducing Agrochemicals for Maintaining Sustainable Agroecosystems. IntechOpen, 2023. DOI 10.5772/intechopen.106995.

Séry, D, J.; Kouadjo, Z,G.; Voko, B, R.; et al. Selecting Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Promote Cassava Growth and Increase Yield under Field Conditions. Front Microbiol, 2016, 22(7):2063. DOI 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02063.

Hijri, M. Analysis of a large dataset of mycorrhiza inoculation field trials on potato shows highly significant increases in yield. Mycorrhiza, 2016, 26(3):209-14. DOI 10.1007/s00572-015-0661-4.

 

5. There should be greater focus on the AMF + temperature studies and less on findings for non-mycorrhizal plants or studies in which the mycorrhizal status of the test plant is unknown.

 

Response: Thank you for pointing out this problem in our manuscript. This paper aims to elucidate the effects of temperature stress on plants and how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi help their hosts to resist temperature stress under temperature stress. According to your suggestions, we have added some content to increase the proportion of AMF+ plant research content in the article.

5.1.Effects of AMF on plant terpenoids under temperature stress

5.2 Effects of AMF on plant phenolic compounds under temperature stress

5.3 Effects of AMF on nitrogen-containing compounds in plants under temperature stress

 

6. Figure 1 is very similar to a previously published figure. The information would be better placed into a table and include more responses for belowground parts.

 

Response: Thank you for your advice. So we made some changes.

Adjust host plant root state: Promote the root development and branching of host plants, significantly change the root morphology of host plants, and enhance root vitality.  Expand the contact area with the soil to assist the host plant to absorb and use nutrients and water.

 

7. Table 2 is general and not specific to AM plants. The information has been reviewed in great detail in many recent reviews. Please focus on the topic of the paper and assume that the reader has a reasonable understanding of plant stress responses.

 

Response: Thank you for pointing out this problem in our manuscript. We made the following changes.

Root SOD and CAT activities increased by 30% and 79%; SOD activity increased by 10.6%. All the tables in the text are aggregated into a new table.

 

8. Table 3 can be extended to be more comprehensive of the topic. Please avoid words like “goes up”, “boosts”. Instead mention the magnitude of the changes.

 

Response: Thank you for pointing out this problem in our manuscript. We've already made some changes. Pn increased by 22%; Pn, Gs and Tr increase by 31.47%, 37.65% and 11.91%, Ci decreased by 92.01%; Pn and Tr increased by 32% and 27% respectively; Pn and Tr increased by 7.7% and 5.9%; Pn, Tr and Gs increased by 22.59%, 52.08% and 46.94%.

 

 

9. Lastly, the depth of the discussion throughout and the conclusions can be strengthened.I encourage the authors to reexamine the topic and explore it in greater depth.

 

Response: Thank you for pointing out this problem in our manuscript. For this purpose, we have added some content, such as the application of AMF in sustainable agriculture and the impact of AMF on this biochemical metabolism of plants, hoping to enrich our article.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Round 2

Reviewer 3 Report

Comments and Suggestions for Authors

The authors have made some additions to the manuscript, but these do not adequately address several of my previous concerns. More needs to be done to improve the quality of the manuscript.

A.    A.  The review should explore the theoretical basis in greater depth and develop options for the practical use of AMF in horticulture and agriculture.

My earlier comment still applies.

2. The statement “This article summarizes the hazards of temperature stress to plants and the physiological and molecular responses of plants inoculated with AMF under temperature stress, providing a theoretical basis for further discussion on the improvement of AMF resistance in plants.” highlights to the reader that the objectives of the review do not entail critical analysis of the field. The aims and objectives should be reworked to reflect a more analytical approach. Also, the outcomes of the study should be more strongly defined and linked to practical outcomes that can be explored in greater depth in the future.

The authors’ approach is indeed to summarise the information and I note that they did not take the opportunity to define the aims and objectives of the paper.

3. The review would benefit from the inclusion of a short methodology stating what bibliometric methods were employed, and how the papers discussed were identified.

The authors have provided some key words in their response to the referee but have not included the methodology in the paper. Again, I recommend that this information be provided including the quantitative analysis of the number of papers, using data from more than one data base, and whether they were all used in the review to avoid selectivity.

4. Figure 1 is very similar to a previously published figure. The information would be better placed into a table and include more responses for belowground parts. Specify what changes have been made.

The figure is still quite poor. A Table is preferred and more emphasis can be placed below-ground.

5. Lastly, the depth of the discussion throughout …. can be strengthened. I encourage the authors to reexamine the topic and explore it in greater depth.

The most logical means to address this concern is to include a section title “General discussion”. On reading through the new paragraphs, the addition of new information does not address my overall concern that a review should be a detailed critique of the field. Please do more than mention what responses are in various papers.

Comments on the Quality of English Language

There are grammatic errors in places

Author Response

Dear Editor and reviewer,

Thank you again for your helpful suggestions. We have made some additions to the manuscript, but these do not adequately address several of your previous concerns. We apologize for that. So, We carefully revised the manuscript again according to your suggestions with revisions mode that you can immediately recognize where the changes have been made.

Now, I will answer your comments one by one.

 

1、The review should explore the theoretical basis in greater depth and develop options for the practical use of AMF in horticulture and agriculture.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. We have deepened the theoretical basis. Please see lines 345-356 “In the previous study, Ma et al. [115] identified that AMF significantly induced the transcription level of CsPT2-1, CsMPT3, CsPHO1-H1, and CsPT1-11 in cucumber, thereby enhancing the absorption of phosphorus to improve the ability of response to temperature stress in plants. Moreover, Liu et al. [116] have reported that there were relatively higher expression levels of OsTPS1, OsTPS2, and OsTPP1 in rice inoculated with AMF under cold stress and with the increase of trehalose concentration, these resulting in enhanced cold tolerance in rice. On the other hand, AMF could also induce the expression of genes related to secondary metabolism to promote the capacity of plants to response to cold stress. Chen et al. [117] have reported that the expression levels of WRKY30, PR-1, C4H, CCOMT, CAD, G6PDH, PAL and LPO were up-regulated by 246%, 290%, 184%, 247%, 196%, 252%, 189% and 193%, respectively, in plants co-existing with AMF under cold stress.”. 

 

We added the content of "Application of AMF in horticultural crops or agriculture".  Please see lines 47-51 “Mycorrhizal inoculation could increase the yields of onions up to 22% [11]. Affokpon et al. [12] reported that field applications of a mixture of 20 AMF strains could increase the yields of carrot up to 300% and tomato even up to 26%. Bagyaraj et al. [13] report that it is possible to reduce the application of phosphatic fertilizers by 50 and Increase pepper production through inoculation with an efficient strain of mycorrhizal fungus.”.

 

• The statement “This article summarizes the hazards of temperature stress to plants and the physiological and molecular responses of plants inoculated with AMF under temperature stress, providing a theoretical basis for further discussion on the improvement of AMF resistance in plants.” highlights to the reader that the objectives of the review do not entail critical analysis of the field. The aims and objectives should be reworked to reflect a more analytical approach.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. We changed aims and objectives. Please see lines 68-71 “In this paper, the mechanism of AMF to improve plant resistance to temperature stress was reviewed, which can provide reference for enhancing plant resistance, improving plant growth potential and the quality of horticultural crops, and further research on ecological environment and biological resources protection”. We used a Meta-analysis method to define the keywords AMF, temperature stress and plant resistance in Google Scholar, web of science and other databases and searched 288 literatures. After carefully reading the title and abstract of the article, 117 literatures related to the topic of this article are selected for careful reading, and on this basis, summaries the important information.

 

• Also,the outcomes of the study should be more strongly defined and linked to practical outcomes that can be explored in greater depth in the future.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. We have added some content to make the outcomes of the study more strongly. Please see line 120-132 “AMF has a symbiotic relationship with the host plant, and while promoting plant growth, its mycelium can connect the roots of neighboring plants to form a common mycorrhizal network. Through microscopic observation, Giovannetti et al. [41] found that mycelium fusion, mycelium wall dissolution, nuclear migration, and protoplast flow occurred in different fungi of Sphaeroides after they formed mycorrhiza networks, which promoted material exchange between strains. On a macro level, AMF can increase the root length, diameter and root branches of host plants, which is more conducive to root expansion and extension and nutrient absorption, thus promoting the growth of host plants [42]. At the microscopic level, AMF can penetrate the epidermis, outer cortex and cortical cell layer of roots, change the rate of root cell division and differentiation, accelerate the lignification of cell wall, increase the number of cell layers at the root tip, and thicken the epidermis, thus promoting vigorous root growth and affecting the resistance of the whole plant to temperature stress [43].”.

 

We have added some content to tie in greater depth in the future study. Please see line 376-380 “Future studies should pay more attention to the effects of mycorrhizal network and interspecies material exchange on temperature stress resistance of host plants, especially in mycelium fusion, mycelium wall lysis, nuclear migration, protoplast flow, root cell division, cell wall lignification, apical cell layer and epidermal development.”.

 

• The authors’ approach is indeed to summarise the information and I note that they did not take the opportunity to define the aims and objectives of the paper.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. We have carefully revised the aims and objectives. Please see the second suggestion.

 

• The review would benefit from the inclusion of a short methodology stating what bibliometric methods were employed, and how the papers discussed were identified.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. We used a Meta-analysis method to define the keywords AMF, temperature stress and plant resistance in Google Scholar, web of science and other databases and searched 288 literatures. After carefully reading the title and abstract of the article, 117 literatures related to the topic of this article are selected for careful reading, and on this basis, summaries the important information.

 

• The authors have provided some key words in their response to the referee but have not included the methodology in the paper. Again, I recommend that this information be provided including the quantitative analysis of the number of papers, using data from more than one data base, and whether they were all used in the review to avoid selectivity.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. In this paper, the quantitative research method of Meta-analysis was used to collate and build a database of 117 relevant literatures to evaluate the effects of AMF on plant resistance to temperature stress, and explore the response mechanism of AMF to host plants subjected to temperature stress, providing a theoretical basis for further exploring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving plant resistance to temperature stress. We have added some content, please see line 72-75 “In Google Scholar, web of science and other databases, 288 articles were retrieved by keyword AMF, temperature stress and plant resistance, and 117 literatures related to the topic of this paper were selected for careful reading. They were all used in the review to avoid selectivity.”.

 

 

• Figure 1 is very similar to a previously published figure. The information would be better placed into a table and include more responses for belowground parts. Specify what changes have been made.The figure is still quite poor. A Table is preferred and more emphasis can be placed below-ground.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. You suggested that we put the information in Figure 1 into a table. We have thought about this very carefully and decided to keep Figure 1 but make major changes. Our goal in making Figure 1 is to summarize "The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth under temperature stress". The specific effects of AMF on host plants are mentioned in Table 1. You mentioned that our chart is similar to the chart in many articles, so we have revised our chart (see line 150).

You also suggested that we pay attention to changes under the ground, and we have added some content to this, see line 120-132 “AMF has a symbiotic relationship with the host plant, and while promoting plant growth, its mycelium can connect the roots of neighboring plants to form a common mycorrhizal network. Through microscopic observation, Giovannetti et al. [41] found that mycelium fusion, mycelium wall dissolution, nuclear migration, and protoplast flow occurred in different fungi of Sphaeroides after they formed mycorrhiza networks, which promoted material exchange between strains. On a macro level, AMF can increase the root length, diameter and root branches of host plants, which is more conducive to root expansion and extension and nutrient absorption, thus promoting the growth of host plants [42]. At the microscopic level, AMF can penetrate the epidermis, outer cortex and cortical cell layer of roots, change the rate of root cell division and differentiation, accelerate the lignification of cell wall, increase the number of cell layers at the root tip, and thicken the epidermis, thus promoting vigorous root growth and affecting the resistance of the whole plant to temperature stress [43].”.

 

8、Lastly, the depth of the discussion throughout …. can be strengthened. I encourage the authors to reexamine the topic and explore it in greater depth. The most logical means to address this concern is to include a section title “General discussion”. On reading through the new paragraphs, the addition of new information does not address my overall concern that a review should be a detailed critique of the field. Please do more than mention what responses are in various papers.

 

Response: Thank you for your helpful suggestions. We have added “7. General discussion” in line 358. Also we have made some changes to this, please see line 359-382 “The role of AMF in promoting the absorption of plant nutrients, the accumulation of metabolites, and the improvement of environmental stress resistance has been relatively clear. Clarifying the mechanism of AMF in improving the resistance of host plants to temperature stress has important theoretical and practical significance for the development of microbial fertilizer, the implementation of ecological planting, the development of green agriculture, and the improvement of agricultural product quality. However, studies on the molecular mechanism of AMF improving host plant resistance to temperature stress are relatively weak, and the relationship between AMF, environmental temperature, and plants needs to be further studied. In natural settings, temperature stress is often accompanied by other stressors, such as drought. It remains to be verified whether AMF can have the same beneficial effects under combined stress conditions as it does under single stress environments. Additionally, the exact efficacy of AMF in these scenarios needs further investigation. Moreover, the symbiotic mechanisms between AMF and host plants require deeper exploration. How AMF regulates the construction of plant defense system in the face of temperature stress, what are the signaling substances of the defense system, and what are the key regulatory genes in the defense system? Which proteins interact in what way to affect AMF resistance to temperature stress in host plants, and so on. Future studies should pay more attention to the effects of mycorrhizal network and interspecies material exchange on temperature stress resistance of host plants, especially in mycelium fusion, mycelium wall lysis, nuclear migration, protoplast flow, root cell division, cell wall lignification, apical cell layer and epidermal development. With the development of metabolomics, genomics and proteomics combined analysis technology, it is possible to elucidate the above problems.”.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf