The Effects of Cultivation Practices and Fertilizer Use on the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Kentucky Bluegrass Athletic Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Environmental Conditions
2.2. Greenhouse Gas Analysis
2.3. Turfgrass Color and Quality
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CO2 Emissions
3.2. CH4 Emissions
3.3. N2O Emissions
3.4. Turfgrass Color and Quality
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CO2 | N2O | CH4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Treatment | Mean | Median | Mean | Median | Mean | Median |
g CO2-C m−2 h−1 | µg N2O-N m−2 h−1 | µg CH4-C m−2 h−1 | |||||
2013 | |||||||
Cultivation | |||||||
CT | 0.27 ab | 0.21 | 3.63 | 1.64 | −3.24 | −3.53 | |
HT | 0.28 a | 0.26 | 3.05 | 2.89 | −3.38 | −2.52 | |
VC | 0.24 b | 0.21 | 7.99 | 1.27 | 7.92 | −0.864 | |
Fertilizer | |||||||
Urea | 0.29 A | 0.26 | 8.13 | 2.92 | 0.201 | −1.30 | |
UC | 0.24 B | 0.19 | 1.65 | 1.26 | 0.864 | −2.59 | |
ANOVA | |||||||
Source of Variation | df | df | df | ||||
Cultivation | 2 | * | 2 | NS | 2 | NS | |
Fertilizer | 1 | *** | 1 | NS | 1 | NS | |
Cultivation × Fertilizer | 2 | NS | 2 | NS | 2 | NS | |
2014 | |||||||
Cultivation | |||||||
HT | 0.44 a | 0.35 | 32.5 a | 14.3 | 10.8 ab | 0.30 | |
VC | 0.33 b | 0.28 | 20.5 b | 8.95 | 20.1 a | 2.90 | |
CT | 0.41 a | 0.36 | 14.6 b | 8.4 | 2.66 b | −1.94 | |
Fertilizer | |||||||
Urea | 0.44 A | 0.39 | 39.6 A | 21.8 | 9.36 | −1.58 | |
UC | 0.35 B | 0.29 | 7.41 B | 4.74 | 13.0 | 1.22 | |
ANOVA | |||||||
Source of Variation | df | df | df | ||||
Cultivation | 2 | *** | 2 | ** | 2 | * | |
Fertilizer | 1 | *** | 1 | *** | 1 | NS | |
Cultivation × Fertilizer | 2 | NS | 2 | NS | 2 | NS |
Year | Treatment | Mean | Median |
---|---|---|---|
2013 | |||
Cultivation | |||
HT | 13.6 a | 12.8 | |
VC | 12.2 b | 10.5 | |
CT | 11.9 b | 10.4 | |
Fertilizer | |||
Urea | 13.1 | 10.7 | |
UC | 12.1 | 11.8 | |
ANOVA | |||
Source of Variation | df | ||
Cultivation | 2 | * | |
Fertilizer | 1 | NS | |
Cultivation × Fertilizer | 2 | NS | |
2014 | |||
Cultivation | |||
HT | 19.6 | 17.6 | |
VC | 20.2 | 17.8 | |
CT | 19.6 | 17.3 | |
Fertilizer | |||
Urea | 18.7 B | 18.9 | |
UC | 20.7 A | 20.7 | |
ANOVA | |||
Source of Variation | df | ||
Cultivation | 2 | NS | |
Fertilizer | 1 | * | |
Cultivation × Fertilizer | 2 | NS |
Treatment | Turfgrass Color | Turfgrass Quality | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2014 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
NDVI | Visual Rating (1–9 Scale) | ||||
Cultivation | |||||
HT | 0.75 A | 0.82 A | 7.5 A | 7.4 A | |
VC | 0.64 C | 0.76 B | 7.0 B | 7.0 B | |
CT | 0.70 B | 0.82 B | 7.4 A | 7.3 A | |
Fertilizer | |||||
Urea | 0.75 a | 0.86 a | 8.0 a | 7.9 a | |
UC | 0.64 b | 0.74 b | 6.6 b | 6.6 b | |
ANOVA | |||||
Source of Variation | |||||
Cultivation | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Fertilizer | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Cultivation × Fertilizer | NS | *** | ** | *** |
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Walker, K.S.; Chapman, K.E. The Effects of Cultivation Practices and Fertilizer Use on the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Kentucky Bluegrass Athletic Fields. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080869
Walker KS, Chapman KE. The Effects of Cultivation Practices and Fertilizer Use on the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Kentucky Bluegrass Athletic Fields. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(8):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080869
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalker, Kristina S., and Katy E. Chapman. 2024. "The Effects of Cultivation Practices and Fertilizer Use on the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Kentucky Bluegrass Athletic Fields" Horticulturae 10, no. 8: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080869