Biostimulant Effects of Algae Species, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Their Combinations on Yield and Quality of Yellow Tomato Landrace Under Different Crop Cycles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Growing Conditions and Experimental Protocol
2.2. Yield and Quality Determinations
2.3. Antioxidant Determinations
2.4. Biochemical Determinations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Yield Parameters
3.2. Quality Parameters
3.3. Antioxidant Parameters
3.4. Biochemical Activities
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Yield t ha−1 | Mean Fruit Weight (g) | No. Fruits Per Plant | Plant Fresh Biomass (g) | Plant Dry Biomass (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planting time | |||||
4 May | 56.5 ± 2.3 | 89.3 ± 2.5 | 21.1 ± 1.2 | 1156.8 ± 45.7 | 78.2 ± 3.1 |
1 June | 43.7 ± 1.9 | 89.0 ± 2.4 | 16.4 ± 1.0 | 734.4 ± 35.2 | 40.4 ± 2.0 |
* | n.s. | * | * | * | |
Biostimulant | |||||
Control | 42.7 ± 1.8 c | 84.0 ± 2.0 b | 17.0 ± 0.8 c | 774.8 ± 30.9 d | 44.6 ± 1.9 d |
C.t. | 47.6 ± 2.1 b | 89.8 ± 2.1 a | 17.7 ± 0.9 c | 882.9 ± 33.2 c | 59.2 ± 2.4 c |
F.v. | 55.3 ± 2.3 a | 90.0 ± 2.2 a | 20.5 ± 1.0 a | 981.5 ± 38.4 b | 57.5 ± 2.3 b |
P.p. | 57.4 ± 2.4 a | 94.4 ± 2.3 a | 20.3 ± 1.0 a | 1211.0 ± 45.1 a | 89.4 ± 3.6 a |
AMF | 49.2 ± 2.0 b | 88.2 ± 2.1 ab | 18.6 ± 0.9 bc | 852.0 ± 32.1 cd | 46.9 ± 2.0 cd |
AMF + C.t. | 50.7 ± 2.2 b | 91.6 ± 2.2 a | 18.5 ± 0.9 bc | 877.3 ± 33.7 c | 53.1 ± 2.3 c |
AMF + F.v. | 54.0 ± 2.3 ab | 89.7 ± 2.2 a | 20.1 ± 1.0 ab | 967.7 ± 38.0 b | 67.1 ± 2.7 b |
AMF + P.p. | 57.3 ± 2.4 a | 93.5 ± 2.3 a | 20.4 ± 1.0 a | 1217.6 ± 45.3 a | 80.0 ± 3.2 a |
Source of variance | |||||
Planting time (P) | * | n.s. | * | * | * |
Biostimulant (B) | * | * | * | * | * |
P × B | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Treatment | Dry Residue (%) | Soluble Solids (°Brix) | Firmness (kg) | L* | a* | b* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planting time | ||||||
4 May | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 1.27 ± 0.05 | 58.0 ± 1.5 | −5.8 ± 0.3 | 33.9 ± 0.8 |
1 June | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 1.39 ± 0.06 | 57.5 ± 1.4 | −4.7 ± 0.3 | 34.2 ± 0.8 |
* | * | * | n.s. | * | n.s. | |
Biostimulant | ||||||
Control | 4.7 ± 0.2 c | 4.2 ± 0.1 c | 1.19 ± 0.05 c | 55.6 ± 1.4 c | −7.4 ± 0.4 f | 31.4 ± 0.8 b |
C.t. | 4.8 ± 0.2 bc | 4.4 ± 0.2 bc | 1.24 ± 0.05 bc | 57.6 ± 1.5 bc | −6.3 ± 0.3 e | 33.5 ± 0.8 ab |
F.v. | 5.3 ± 0.2 a | 4.6 ± 0.2 ab | 1.33 ± 0.06 ab | 59.0 ± 1.5 bc | −5.0 ± 0.3 c | 34.6 ± 0.9 a |
P.p. | 5.4 ± 0.2 a | 4.7 ± 0.2 a | 1.40 ± 0.06 ab | 61.5 ± 1.6 a | −3.0 ± 0.2 a | 35.2 ± 0.9 a |
AMF | 4.9 ± 0.2 bc | 4.4 ± 0.2 bc | 1.27 ± 0.05 bc | 58.7 ± 1.5 bc | −5.6 ± 0.3 d | 33.9 ± 0.8 ab |
AMF + C.t. | 5.0 ± 0.2 b | 4.4 ± 0.2 bc | 1.29 ± 0.05 bc | 58.0 ± 1.5 bc | −6.1 ± 0.3 e | 33.9 ± 0.8 ab |
AMF + F.v. | 5.4 ± 0.2 a | 4.5 ± 0.2 ab | 1.32 ± 0.06 ab | 59.2 ± 1.5 bc | −5.3 ± 0.3 c | 34.3 ± 0.9 a |
AMF + P.p. | 5.3 ± 0.2 a | 4.6 ± 0.2 ab | 1.42 ± 0.06 a | 61.2 ± 1.6 ab | −3.8 ± 0.2 b | 35.4 ± 0.9 a |
Source of variance | ||||||
Planting time (P) | * | * | * | n.s. | n.s. | |
Biostimulant (B) | * | * | * | * | * | |
P × B | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Treatment | HAA Ascorbic Acid eq. 100 g−1 f.w. | LAA Trolox eq. 100 g−1 f.w. | Polyphenols mg Gallic Acid g−1 d.w. | TAA mg g−1 f.w. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Planting time | ||||
4 May | 2.74 ± 0.15 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 2.46 ± 0.12 | 161.9 ± 8.0 |
1 June | 5.39 ± 0.25 | 13.8 ± 0.7 | 2.92 ± 0.14 | 242.7 ± 12.0 |
* | * | * | * | |
Biostimulant | ||||
Control | 3.53 ± 0.18 d | 9.5 ± 0.5 d | 2.40 ± 0.12 c | 177.8 ± 8.0 c |
C.t. | 4.02 ± 0.20 c | 13.1 ± 0.7 ab | 2.72 ± 0.14 ab | 199.6 ± 10.0 b |
F.v. | 5.28 ± 0.25 b | 10.9 ± 0.6 c | 2.55 ± 0.13 bc | 198.1 ± 9.0 b |
P.p. | 5.78 ± 0.28 a | 13.0 ± 0.7 ab | 2.96 ± 0.15 a | 226.6 ± 12.0 a |
AMF | 4.81 ± 0.24 b | 10.6 ± 0.5 c | 2.73 ± 0.14 ab | 210.8 ± 10.0 ab |
AMF + C.t. | 4.86 ± 0.24 b | 12.5 ± 0.6 b | 2.71 ± 0.14 ab | 200.2 ± 10.0 b |
AMF + F.v. | 5.27 ± 0.25 b | 13.6 ± 0.7 ab | 2.60 ± 0.13 bc | 204.6 ± 10.0 b |
AMF + P.p. | 5.95 ± 0.29 a | 14.1 ± 0.7 a | 2.93 ± 0.15 a | 220.7 ± 11.0 ab |
Source of variance | ||||
Planting time (P) | * | * | * | * |
Biostimulant (B) | * | * | * | * |
P × B | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
Treatment | CAT (mmol min−1 mg−1 Prot) | GPOX (mmol min−1 mg−1 Prot) |
---|---|---|
Planting time | ||
4 May | 1.83 ± 0.09 | 16.6 ± 0.8 |
1 June | 8.12 ± 0.40 | 16.1 ± 0.8 |
* | n.s. | |
Biostimulant | ||
Control | 1.17 ± 0.06 d | 14.47 ± 0.7 c |
C.t. | 1.76 ± 0.09 bc | 19.87 ± 1.0 b |
F.v. | 1.61 ± 0.08 c | 18.48 ± 0.9 b |
P.p. | 2.55 ± 0.13 a | 24.97 ± 1.2 a |
AMF | 1.67 ± 0.08 c | 18.28 ± 0.9 b |
AMF + C.t. | 1.77 ± 0.09 bc | 18.86 ± 0.9 b |
AMF + F.v. | 1.93 ± 0.10 b | 18.04 ± 0.9 b |
AMF + P.p. | 2.45 ± 0.12 a | 23.71 ± 1.2 a |
Source of variance | ||
Planting time (P) | * | n.s. |
Biostimulant (B) | * | * |
P × B | n.s. | n.s. |
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Abidi, S.; Tallarita, A.V.; Cozzolino, E.; Stoleru, V.; Murariu, O.C.; Abidi, A.; Maiello, R.; Cenvinzo, V.; Lombardi, P.; Cuciniello, A.; et al. Biostimulant Effects of Algae Species, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Their Combinations on Yield and Quality of Yellow Tomato Landrace Under Different Crop Cycles. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080876
Abidi S, Tallarita AV, Cozzolino E, Stoleru V, Murariu OC, Abidi A, Maiello R, Cenvinzo V, Lombardi P, Cuciniello A, et al. Biostimulant Effects of Algae Species, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Their Combinations on Yield and Quality of Yellow Tomato Landrace Under Different Crop Cycles. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(8):876. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080876
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbidi, Soumaya, Alessio Vincenzo Tallarita, Eugenio Cozzolino, Vasile Stoleru, Otilia Cristina Murariu, Amina Abidi, Roberto Maiello, Vincenzo Cenvinzo, Pasquale Lombardi, Antonio Cuciniello, and et al. 2024. "Biostimulant Effects of Algae Species, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Their Combinations on Yield and Quality of Yellow Tomato Landrace Under Different Crop Cycles" Horticulturae 10, no. 8: 876. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080876