A Sustainable Viticulture Method Adapted to the Cold Climate Zone in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Foundation of CCM—Crawled Cordon Training (CCT)
3. Vineyard Management during the Growing Season
3.1. Covering of Grass and Branches
3.2. Physical Methods of Flower and Fruit Thinning
4. Vineyard Management during Dormant Season
4.1. Biodegradable Liquid Film (BLF)
4.2. Winter Suspension of Shoots
5. Sustainable Development Prospects of Grape and Wine Industry in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions under Continental Monsoon Climate
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | A Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MVF | 810.42 | 869.88 | 750.72 | 812.26 | 429.63 | 0.2180A |
CT | 782.72 | 930.22 | 993.94 | 780.87 | 420.02 | 0.1070B |
CCT | 692.08 | 721.78 | 781.88 | 746.46 | 595.16 | 0.0837B |
Treatment | CA | ST (CK) | |
---|---|---|---|
microbial amount (0–20 cm) | Bacteria (×104/g) | 31,572.23a | 14,549.43b |
Fungi (×104/g) | 8.45a | 4.84b | |
Actinomyces (×104/g) | 375.60a | 305.81a | |
Azotobacter (×104/g) | 282.76a | 71.42b | |
Cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (×104/g) | 5.31a | 2.76b | |
enzymatic activity (0–40 cm) | Urease (NH3-N mg/g) | 1.70 ± 0.83a | 1.18 ± 0.53b |
Phosphatase (P2O5 mg/100g) | 7.41 ± 1.04a | 4.68 ± 0.50b | |
Amylase (Maltose mg/g) | 0.78 ± 0.09a | 0.94 ± 0.43a | |
Sucrase (Glucose mg/g) | 15.08 ± 2.46a | 10.31 ± 3.87b | |
Cellulase (Glucose mg/10g) | 6.37 ± 0.85a | 4.91 ± 0.64a | |
Catalase (0.05 mol/L KMnO4 mL/g) | 7.69 ± 0.85a | 7.20 ± 0.58a | |
nutrient content (0–40 cm) | Hydrolyzable N (mg/kg) | 40.75 ± 4.28a | 35.30 ± 2.09b |
Available P(mg/kg) | 5.54 ± 1.05b | 10.77 ± 0.65a | |
Available K (mg/kg) | 122.63 ± 6.97a | 109.13 ± 5.59b | |
Total N (g/kg) | 0.74 ± 0.02a | 0.66 ± 0.05b | |
Total P (g/kg) | 0.67 ± 0.04a | 0.75 ± 0.05a | |
Total K (g/kg) | 20.10 ± 0.39a | 19.88 ± 0.31a | |
Organic matter (g/kg) | 11.31 ± 0.51a | 9.90 ± 0.37b | |
physical properties (0–60 cm) | Soil bulk density(g/cm3) | 1.38b | 1.53a |
Soil porosity (%) | 48.06a | 42.20b |
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Han, X.; Xue, T.; Liu, X.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Yao, F.; Wang, H.; Li, H. A Sustainable Viticulture Method Adapted to the Cold Climate Zone in China. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060150
Han X, Xue T, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yao F, Wang H, Li H. A Sustainable Viticulture Method Adapted to the Cold Climate Zone in China. Horticulturae. 2021; 7(6):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060150
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Xing, Tingting Xue, Xu Liu, Zhilei Wang, Liang Zhang, Ying Wang, Fei Yao, Hua Wang, and Hua Li. 2021. "A Sustainable Viticulture Method Adapted to the Cold Climate Zone in China" Horticulturae 7, no. 6: 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060150
APA StyleHan, X., Xue, T., Liu, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Yao, F., Wang, H., & Li, H. (2021). A Sustainable Viticulture Method Adapted to the Cold Climate Zone in China. Horticulturae, 7(6), 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060150