Indirect Selection for Seed Yield in Sacha-Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Seedling Production and Planting
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Genetic Parameters and Correlations
3.2. Selection Gains in Sacha-Inchi Progenies
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Progenies | Source Location | Geographic Coordinates |
---|---|---|
Novo Horizonte | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 22′ 45.5″ S, 70° 00′ 28.6″ W |
Cuzco | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 23′ 03.6″ S, 70° 00′ 38.4″ W |
Aucaloma | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 22′ 45.5″ S, 70° 00′ 28.6″ W |
São Pedro | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 24′ 03.3″ S, 70° 01′ 06.8″ W |
Shanao | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 22′ 45.5″ S, 70° 00′ 28.6″ W |
Ponto Renato | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 23′ 15.3″ S, 70° 01′ 00.3″ W |
Dos de Mayo | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 30′ 03.7″ S, 69° 56′ 04.9″ W |
João Guerra | Benjamin Constant, AM, Brazil | 4° 24′ 46.4″ S, 70° 03′ 14.0″ W |
AM7 | Careiro, AM, Brazil | 3° 31′ 45.0″ S 59° 49′ 07.9″ W |
AM13 | Careiro, AM, Brazil | 3° 50′ 16.9″ S, 60° 22′ 35.3″ W |
AM17 | Careiro, AM, Brazil | 3° 50′ 16.9″ S, 60° 22′ 35.3″ W |
AM21 | Careiro, AM, Brazil | 3° 50′ 16.9″ S, 60° 22′ 35.3″ W |
SV | DF | TNF | TWF | TNS | TWS | MWF | NSF | MWS | TWS:TWF | SH (Day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean square | ||||||||||
Blocks | 2 | 64,650 | 2,878,281 | 957,099 | 978,517 | 0.360 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 1220 |
Progenies | 11 | 5592 * | 163,740 * | 78,157 * | 67,321 * | 1.246 * | 0.035 * | 0.014 * | 0.004 * | 1105 ns |
Error | 22 | 820 | 29,220 | 11,380 | 11,984 | 0.177 | 0.011 | 0.002 | 0.00 | 520 |
Mean | 132 | 905 | 509 | 510 | 7.13 | 3.87 | 1.01 | 0.55 | 212 | |
CVe (%) | 22 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 11 | |
Genetic parameters | ||||||||||
σ2 g | 1591 | 44,840 | 22,259 | 18,443 | 0.357 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 198 | |
σ2 f | 1864 | 54,580 | 26,052 | 22,440 | 0.415 | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 371 | |
h2 (%) | 85 | 82 | 85 | 82 | 86 | 67 | 83 | 90 | 53 | |
CVg (%) | 30 | 23 | 29 | 27 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 7 | |
CVg/CVe | 1.39 | 1.24 | 1.4 | 1.24 | 1.42 | 0.85 | 1.27 | 1.71 | 0.62 |
TNF | TWF | TNS | TWS | MWF | NSF | MWS | TWS:TWF | SH (Day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TNF | 0.97 ** | 0.99 ** | 0.97 ** | −0.75 ** | −0.22 | −0.24 | 0.73 ** | −0.19 | |
TWF | 0.96 ** | 0.97 ** | 0.99 ** | −0.54 | −0.22 | −0.02 | 0.68 * | −0.33 | |
TNS | 0.99 ** | 0.96 ** | 0.97 ** | −0.73 ** | −0.16 | −0.25 | 0.73 ** | −0.18 | |
TWS | 0.97 ** | 0.98 ** | 0.97 ** | −0.64 * | −0.28 | 0.00 | 0.81 ** | −0.32 | |
MWF | −0.70 * | −0.49 | −0.68 * | −0.57 * | 0.25 | 0.54 | −0.73 ** | −0.11 | |
NSF | −0.19 | −0.16 | −0.12 | −0.19 | 0.26 | −0.37 | −0.30 | 0.08 | |
MWS | −0.23 | 0.03 | −0.24 | 0.00 | 0.59 * | −0.22 | 0.10 | −0.44 | |
TWS:TWF | 0.67 * | 0.61 * | 0.67 * | 0.73 ** | −0.68 * | −0.14 | −0.11 | −0.22 | |
SH (day) | −0.12 | −0.2 | −0.12 | −0.19 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.21 | −0.21 |
Fruit and Seed Traits | Effect and Correlation Coefficient | Standardized Coefficients |
---|---|---|
Total number of fruits per plant | Direct effect on total weight (g) of seeds per plant | 0.046 |
Indirect effect using total weight (g) of fruits per plant | 0.711 | |
Indirect effect using total number of seeds per plant | 0.222 | |
Indirect effect using mean weight (g) of fruits | 0.006 | |
Total (correlation coefficient) | 0.985 | |
Total weight (g) of fruits per plant | Direct effect on total weight (g) of seeds per plant | 0.725 |
Indirect effect using total number of fruits per plant | 0.045 | |
Indirect effect using total number of seeds per plant | 0.218 | |
Indirect effect using total weight (g) of fruits per plant | 0.005 | |
Total (correlation coefficient) | 0.994 | |
Total number of seeds per plant | Direct effect on total weight (g) of seeds per plant | 0.222 |
Indirect effect using total number of fruits per plant | 0.046 | |
Indirect effect using total number of seeds per plant | 0.714 | |
Indirect effect using mean weight (g) of fruits | 0.006 | |
Total (correlation coefficient) | 0.988 | |
Mean weight (g) of fruits | Direct effect on total weight (g) of seeds per plant | −0.011 |
Indirect effect using total number of fruits per plant | −0.025 | |
Indirect effect using total weight (g) of fruits per plant | −0.286 | |
Indirect effect using total number of seeds per plant | −0.116 | |
Total (correlation coefficient) | −0.438 | |
Determination coefficient | 0.995 |
Traits Selected | Answers in Traits | Xo | Xs | h2% | SG | SG % | Progenies Selected |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TNF | TNF | 132 | 171 | 85 | 34 | 25 | 1; 2; 4; 6; 7 |
TWF | 905 | 1122 | 82 | 179 | 20 | ||
TNS | 509 | 654 | 85 | 124 | 24 | ||
TWS | 510 | 653 | 82 | 118 | 23 | ||
MWF | 7.129 | 6.824 | 86 | −0.262 | −4 | ||
NST | 0.553 | 0.576 | 90 | 0.020 | 4 | ||
TWF | TNF | 132 | 171 | 85 | 34 | 25 | 1; 2; 4; 6; 7 |
TWF | 905 | 1122 | 82 | 179 | 20 | ||
TNS | 509 | 654 | 85 | 124 | 24 | ||
TWS | 510 | 653 | 82 | 118 | 23 | ||
MWF | 7.129 | 6.824 | 86 | −0.262 | −4 | ||
NST | 0.553 | 0.576 | 90 | 0.020 | 4 | ||
TNF | TNF | 132 | 171 | 85 | 34 | 25 | 1; 2; 4; 6; 7 |
TWF | 905 | 1122 | 82 | 179 | 20 | ||
TNS | 509 | 654 | 85 | 124 | 24 | ||
TWS | 510 | 653 | 82 | 118 | 23 | ||
MWF | 7.129 | 6.824 | 86 | −0.262 | −4 | ||
NST | 0.553 | 0.576 | 90 | 0.020 | 4 | ||
TWS | TNF | 132 | 171 | 85 | 34 | 25 | 1; 2; 4; 6; 7 |
TWF | 905 | 1122 | 82 | 179 | 20 | ||
TNS | 509 | 654 | 85 | 124 | 24 | ||
TWS | 510 | 653 | 82 | 118 | 23 | ||
MWF | 7.129 | 6.824 | 86 | −0.262 | −4 | ||
NST | 0.553 | 0.576 | 90 | 0.020 | 4 | ||
MWF | TNF | 132 | 102 | 85 | −25 | −19 | 2; 3; 8; 9;10 |
TWF | 905 | 772 | 82 | −109 | −12 | ||
TNS | 509 | 401 | 85 | −92 | −18 | ||
TWS | 510 | 415 | 82 | −78 | −15 | ||
MWF | 7.129 | 7.695 | 86 | 0.485 | 7 | ||
NST | 0.553 | 0.526 | 90 | −0.025 | −4 | ||
NST | TNF | 132 | 158 | 85 | 23 | 17 | 1; 4; 7; 11; 12 |
TWF | 905 | 1017 | 82 | 92 | 10 | ||
TNS | 509 | 607 | 85 | 84 | 16 | ||
TWS | 510 | 600 | 82 | 74 | 14 | ||
MWF | 7.129 | 6.647 | 86 | −0.414 | −6 | ||
NST | 0.553 | 0.585 | 90 | 0.029 | 5 |
Traits Selected | Answers in Traits | Selection Intensity | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25% (3 Progenies) | 33% (4 Progenies) | 42% (5 Progenies) | ||||||||||||
h2% | Xo | Xs | GS | GS% | Xo | Xs | SG | SG% | Xo | Xs | SG | SG% | ||
TNF | TNF | 85 | 132 | 190 | 49 | 37 | 132 | 181 | 42 | 32 | 132 | 171 | 34 | 25 |
TWF | 82 | 905 | 1184 | 230 | 25 | 905 | 1153 | 204 | 23 | 905 | 1122 | 179 | 20 | |
TWS | 82 | 510 | 685 | 144 | 28 | 510 | 678 | 138 | 27 | 510 | 653 | 118 | 23 | |
MWF | 86 | 7.13 | 6.38 | −0.64 | −9 | 7.13 | 6.52 | −0.53 | −7 | 7.13 | 6.82 | −0.26 | −4 | |
PS | 1; 4; 6 | 1; 4; 6; 7 | 1; 2; 4; 6; 7 | |||||||||||
TWF | TNF | 85 | 132 | 190 | 49 | 37 | 132 | 181 | 42 | 32 | 132 | 171 | 34 | 25 |
TWF | 82 | 905 | 1184 | 230 | 25 | 905 | 1153 | 204 | 23 | 905 | 1122 | 179 | 20 | |
TWS | 82 | 510 | 685 | 144 | 28 | 510 | 678 | 138 | 27 | 510 | 653 | 118 | 23 | |
MWF | 86 | 7.13 | 6.38 | −0.64 | −9 | 7.13 | 6.52 | −0.53 | −7 | 7.13 | 6.82 | −0.26 | −4 | |
PS | 1; 4; 6 | 1; 4; 6; 7 | 1; 2; 4; 6; 7 | |||||||||||
TWS | TNF | 85 | 132 | 185 | 46 | 35 | 132 | 181 | 42 | 32 | 132 | 171 | 34 | 25 |
TWF | 82 | 905 | 1154 | 204 | 23 | 905 | 1153 | 204 | 23 | 905 | 1122 | 179 | 20 | |
TWS | 82 | 510 | 690 | 148 | 29 | 510 | 678 | 138 | 27 | 510 | 653 | 118 | 23 | |
MWF | 86 | 7.13 | 6.41 | −0.61 | −9 | 7.13 | 6.52 | −0.53 | −7 | 7.13 | 6.82 | −0.26 | −4 | |
PS | 1; 4; 6 | 1; 4; 6; 7 | 1; 2; 4; 6; 7 | |||||||||||
MWF | TNF | 85 | 132 | 103 | −25 | −19 | 132 | 108 | −20 | −15 | 132 | 102 | −25 | −19 |
TWF | 82 | 905 | 796 | −90 | −10 | 905 | 823 | −67 | −7 | 905 | 772 | −109 | −12 | |
TWS | 82 | 510 | 421 | −73 | −14 | 510 | 444 | −54 | −11 | 510 | 415 | −78 | −15 | |
MWF | 86 | 7.13 | 7.95 | 0.70 | 10 | 7.13 | 7.79 | 0.57 | 8 | 7.13 | 7.69 | 0.49 | 7 | |
PS | 2; 8; 10 | 2; 3; 8; 10 | 2; 3; 8; 9; 10 |
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Delgado, J.P.M.; Chaves, F.C.M.; Lopes, R.; Meneses, C.; Valente, M.S.F.; Rodrigues, F.A.; Pasqual, M.; Ramos, S.F.; de Aguiar, A.V.; Lopes, M.T.G. Indirect Selection for Seed Yield in Sacha-Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in Brazil. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8110988
Delgado JPM, Chaves FCM, Lopes R, Meneses C, Valente MSF, Rodrigues FA, Pasqual M, Ramos SF, de Aguiar AV, Lopes MTG. Indirect Selection for Seed Yield in Sacha-Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in Brazil. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(11):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8110988
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelgado, Jhon Paul Mathews, Francisco Célio Maia Chaves, Ricardo Lopes, Carlos Meneses, Magno Sávio Ferreira Valente, Filipe Almendagna Rodrigues, Moacir Pasqual, Santiago Ferreyra Ramos, Ananda Virginia de Aguiar, and Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes. 2022. "Indirect Selection for Seed Yield in Sacha-Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in Brazil" Horticulturae 8, no. 11: 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8110988