Figure 1.
Diversity of Phoenix: palm trees. (a), Phoenix theophrasti (Preveli, Crete, Greece); (b), P. iberica (Abanilla, Spain); (c), P. loureiroi Manipur (Huerto del Cura, Elche, Spain); (d), P. rupicola (Jardín Botánico de Valencia, Spain); (e) P. farinifera (Colección Tomás-Font, Valencia, Spain) (f), P. dactylifera “Candits” Western Group (W_DAC) (Elche, Spain); (g), P. canariensis var. canariensis (Geneva, Switzerland); (h), P. reclinata (Jardín Botánico La Concepción, Málaga, Spain); (i), P. pusilla (Menton, France); (j), P. canariensis var. porphyrococca (Lisboa, Portugal); (k), P. roebelenii (Orihuela, Spain); (l), P. dactylifera “Sarafana” Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Socotra, Yemen). Abbreviations for the major P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 1 m. Images: (a). Jorge Sánchez-Balibrea. (b–d,j). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón, (l). Joel Lode.
Figure 1.
Diversity of Phoenix: palm trees. (a), Phoenix theophrasti (Preveli, Crete, Greece); (b), P. iberica (Abanilla, Spain); (c), P. loureiroi Manipur (Huerto del Cura, Elche, Spain); (d), P. rupicola (Jardín Botánico de Valencia, Spain); (e) P. farinifera (Colección Tomás-Font, Valencia, Spain) (f), P. dactylifera “Candits” Western Group (W_DAC) (Elche, Spain); (g), P. canariensis var. canariensis (Geneva, Switzerland); (h), P. reclinata (Jardín Botánico La Concepción, Málaga, Spain); (i), P. pusilla (Menton, France); (j), P. canariensis var. porphyrococca (Lisboa, Portugal); (k), P. roebelenii (Orihuela, Spain); (l), P. dactylifera “Sarafana” Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Socotra, Yemen). Abbreviations for the major P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 1 m. Images: (a). Jorge Sánchez-Balibrea. (b–d,j). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón, (l). Joel Lode.
Figure 2.
Diversity of Phoenix: leaves. (a), Phoenix theophrasti (Palmasur, Alicante, Spain); (b), P. iberica (Abanilla, Spain); (c), P. loureiroi Manipur (Huerto del Cura, Elche, Spain); (d), P. rupicola (Medipalm, Almería, Spain); (e) P. arabica (Djebel Bura, Yemen) (f), P. loureiroi var. loureiroi (Orihuela, Spain); (g), P. canariensis var. canariensis (Toulon, France); (h), P. reclinata (Medipalm, Almería, Spain); (i), P. pusilla (Menton, France); (j), P. paludosa (Orihuela, Spain); (k), P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Palmyra, Syria); (l), P. dactylifera Western Group (W_DAC) (Jacarilla, Spain). Abbreviations for the major P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 10 mm. Images: (a–d,f–l). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón, (e). Joel Lode.
Figure 2.
Diversity of Phoenix: leaves. (a), Phoenix theophrasti (Palmasur, Alicante, Spain); (b), P. iberica (Abanilla, Spain); (c), P. loureiroi Manipur (Huerto del Cura, Elche, Spain); (d), P. rupicola (Medipalm, Almería, Spain); (e) P. arabica (Djebel Bura, Yemen) (f), P. loureiroi var. loureiroi (Orihuela, Spain); (g), P. canariensis var. canariensis (Toulon, France); (h), P. reclinata (Medipalm, Almería, Spain); (i), P. pusilla (Menton, France); (j), P. paludosa (Orihuela, Spain); (k), P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Palmyra, Syria); (l), P. dactylifera Western Group (W_DAC) (Jacarilla, Spain). Abbreviations for the major P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 10 mm. Images: (a–d,f–l). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón, (e). Joel Lode.
Figure 3.
Diversity of Phoenix: flowers. (a), P. dactylifera “Candits” Male Western Group (W_DAC) (Elche, Spain); (b), P. dactylifera “Candits” Female (Elche, Spain); (c), P. dactylifera var. costata Male Western Group (W_DAC) (Santomera, Spain); (d), P. loureiroi var. pedunculata Female (Huerto del Cura, Elche, Spain); (e) P. loureiroi var. loureiroi Male (Orihuela, Spain); (f), P. arabica Male (Djebel Bura, Yemen); (g), P. canariensis var. canariensis (San Pedro, Spain) Male and Female; (h), P. iberica Female (Abanilla, Spain); (i), P. iberica Male (Abanilla, Spain); (j), P. roebelenii Male (Orihuela, Spain); (k), P. roebelenii Female (Orihuela, Spain); (l), Phoenix theophrasti Female (Palmasur, Alicante, Spain). Abbreviations for the major P. dactylifera geographical groups: W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 5 mm. Images: (a–l). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón.
Figure 3.
Diversity of Phoenix: flowers. (a), P. dactylifera “Candits” Male Western Group (W_DAC) (Elche, Spain); (b), P. dactylifera “Candits” Female (Elche, Spain); (c), P. dactylifera var. costata Male Western Group (W_DAC) (Santomera, Spain); (d), P. loureiroi var. pedunculata Female (Huerto del Cura, Elche, Spain); (e) P. loureiroi var. loureiroi Male (Orihuela, Spain); (f), P. arabica Male (Djebel Bura, Yemen); (g), P. canariensis var. canariensis (San Pedro, Spain) Male and Female; (h), P. iberica Female (Abanilla, Spain); (i), P. iberica Male (Abanilla, Spain); (j), P. roebelenii Male (Orihuela, Spain); (k), P. roebelenii Female (Orihuela, Spain); (l), Phoenix theophrasti Female (Palmasur, Alicante, Spain). Abbreviations for the major P. dactylifera geographical groups: W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 5 mm. Images: (a–l). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón.
Figure 4.
Diversity of
Phoenix: fruits. (
a),
Phoenix reclinata (Orihuela, Spain); (
b),
P. “Palmer” (Orihuela, Spain); (
c),
P. acaulis (India); (
d),
P. hanceana (Riverside, USA); (
e),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Palmyra, Syria); (
f),
P. roebelenii (Jardines de Albarda, Pedreguer, Spain); (
g),
P. dactylifera “Negros” Western Group (W_DAC) (Orihuela, Spain); (
h),
P. canariensis var.
porphyrococca (Menton, France); (
i),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Palmyra, Syria); (
j),
P. dactylifera “Barhee” Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Jordan Valley, Israel); (
k),
P. dactylifera Chowhara-style dehydrated dates Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Pakistan); (
l),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Socotra, Yemen). Abbreviations for the major
P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia
P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean
P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 5 cm. Images: (
a,
b,
d–
k). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón, (
c). MNHN/Vascular plants (P)/P01796536
https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p01796536?listIndex=11&listCount=16, (accessed on 15 March 2022), (
l). Joel Lode.
Figure 4.
Diversity of
Phoenix: fruits. (
a),
Phoenix reclinata (Orihuela, Spain); (
b),
P. “Palmer” (Orihuela, Spain); (
c),
P. acaulis (India); (
d),
P. hanceana (Riverside, USA); (
e),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Palmyra, Syria); (
f),
P. roebelenii (Jardines de Albarda, Pedreguer, Spain); (
g),
P. dactylifera “Negros” Western Group (W_DAC) (Orihuela, Spain); (
h),
P. canariensis var.
porphyrococca (Menton, France); (
i),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Palmyra, Syria); (
j),
P. dactylifera “Barhee” Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Jordan Valley, Israel); (
k),
P. dactylifera Chowhara-style dehydrated dates Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Pakistan); (
l),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Socotra, Yemen). Abbreviations for the major
P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia
P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean
P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 5 cm. Images: (
a,
b,
d–
k). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón, (
c). MNHN/Vascular plants (P)/P01796536
https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/p/item/p01796536?listIndex=11&listCount=16, (accessed on 15 March 2022), (
l). Joel Lode.
Figure 5.
Diversity of
Phoenix: seeds. (
a),
P. atlantica (Ilha Sao Tiago, Cabo Verde); (
b),
P. dactylifera “Medjool” Western Group (W_DAC) (Morocco); (
c),
P. dactylifera “Haziz” Western Group (W_DAC) (US); (
d),
P. paludosa (near Bangkok, Thailand); (
e,
f),
P. sylvestris (India); (
g),
P. loureiroi (Manipur, India); (
h),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Socotra, Yemen); (
i),
P. roebelenii (Orihuela, Spain); (
j),
P. theophrasti (Crete, Greece); (
k),
P. reclinata var.
reclinata (Rwanda); (
l,
m),
P. andamanensis (North Andaman, India); (
n),
P. dactylifera “Dairy” Eastern Group (E_DAC) (UAE). Abbreviations for the major
P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia
P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean
P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 1 cm. Images: (
a–
k,
n). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón; l. Teresa Egea Molines in the herbarium FI; m. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew,
http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000736131, (accessed on 16 March 2022).
Figure 5.
Diversity of
Phoenix: seeds. (
a),
P. atlantica (Ilha Sao Tiago, Cabo Verde); (
b),
P. dactylifera “Medjool” Western Group (W_DAC) (Morocco); (
c),
P. dactylifera “Haziz” Western Group (W_DAC) (US); (
d),
P. paludosa (near Bangkok, Thailand); (
e,
f),
P. sylvestris (India); (
g),
P. loureiroi (Manipur, India); (
h),
P. dactylifera Eastern Group (E_DAC) (Socotra, Yemen); (
i),
P. roebelenii (Orihuela, Spain); (
j),
P. theophrasti (Crete, Greece); (
k),
P. reclinata var.
reclinata (Rwanda); (
l,
m),
P. andamanensis (North Andaman, India); (
n),
P. dactylifera “Dairy” Eastern Group (E_DAC) (UAE). Abbreviations for the major
P. dactylifera geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia
P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean
P. dactylifera. Scale bar: 1 cm. Images: (
a–
k,
n). Diego Rivera and Concepción Obón; l. Teresa Egea Molines in the herbarium FI; m. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew,
http://apps.kew.org/herbcat/getImage.do?imageBarcode=K000736131, (accessed on 16 March 2022).
Figure 6.
Diagram of the sequence of analysis.
Figure 6.
Diagram of the sequence of analysis.
Figure 7.
Sample size and information parameters.
Figure 7.
Sample size and information parameters.
Figure 8.
Probability distribution of the Phoenix intraindividual/intrapopulational variability.
Figure 8.
Probability distribution of the Phoenix intraindividual/intrapopulational variability.
Figure 9.
Probability distribution of Phoenix heterogeneity considering large geographical groups. Notice: Abbreviations for the geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. S_AS: Southern Asia. E_AS: Eastern Asia., SE_AS: South-East Asia. AFR: Taxa from Africa and Western Arabian Peninsula. MED: Mediterranean and Macaronesia.
Figure 9.
Probability distribution of Phoenix heterogeneity considering large geographical groups. Notice: Abbreviations for the geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. S_AS: Southern Asia. E_AS: Eastern Asia., SE_AS: South-East Asia. AFR: Taxa from Africa and Western Arabian Peninsula. MED: Mediterranean and Macaronesia.
Figure 10.
Phoenix OTUs and fossil
Phoenix seeds. (
A) Eastern group of
Phoenix species; (
B) Western group of
Phoenix with, notably,
P. dactylifera. a–d. Fossil seeds of
Phoenix morphologically similar to those of species in the eastern group (A) of species. e–i. Fossil seeds of
Phoenix morphologically similar to those of species in the western (B) species group. Abbreviations for the geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia
P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean
P. dactylifera. S_AS: Southern Asia. E_AS: Eastern Asia., SE_AS: South-East Asia. AFR: Taxa from Africa and Western Arabian Peninsula. MED: Mediterranean and Macaronesia. Images: fossil seeds: a. Gardner [
27]; b. Mai, [
28]; c. Chandler [
29]; d. Ortega [
30]; e. Anat Hartmann–Shenkman; f., Jiri Kvacek; g. Mai, [
28]; h. Berry [
31]; i. Smith [
32].
Figure 10.
Phoenix OTUs and fossil
Phoenix seeds. (
A) Eastern group of
Phoenix species; (
B) Western group of
Phoenix with, notably,
P. dactylifera. a–d. Fossil seeds of
Phoenix morphologically similar to those of species in the eastern group (A) of species. e–i. Fossil seeds of
Phoenix morphologically similar to those of species in the western (B) species group. Abbreviations for the geographical groups: E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia
P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean
P. dactylifera. S_AS: Southern Asia. E_AS: Eastern Asia., SE_AS: South-East Asia. AFR: Taxa from Africa and Western Arabian Peninsula. MED: Mediterranean and Macaronesia. Images: fossil seeds: a. Gardner [
27]; b. Mai, [
28]; c. Chandler [
29]; d. Ortega [
30]; e. Anat Hartmann–Shenkman; f., Jiri Kvacek; g. Mai, [
28]; h. Berry [
31]; i. Smith [
32].
Figure 11.
Phoenix heterogeneity in taxa from Africa, West Asia and the Mediterranean. The red and green circles are proportional to the heterogeneity of the group, before and after normalization, and the blue circles are proportional to the mean intraindividual variability of the accessions in each group. (a) AFR: 1, P. spinosa; 2, P. reclinata var. reclinata; 3, P. caespitosa; 4, P. arabica; 5, P. abyssinica; (b) MED: 1, P. atlantica; E_DAC: 2, P. dactylifera “Socotra”; 3, P. dactylifera “Persia”; 4, P. dactylifera “Mesopotamia”; MED: 5, P. theophrasti “Datça”; 5, P. theophrasti “Gölköy”; 6, P. theophrasti var. theophrasti; W_DAC: 7, P. dactylifera var. costata; P. excelsior; & MED: P. iberica; W_DAC: 8, P. dactylifera “Chevalier”; MED: 9, P. canariensis var. canariensis; P. canariensis var. macrocarpa; & P. canariensis var. porphyrococca; W_DAC: 10, P. dactylifera “Mednoor”; 11, P. dactylifera var. cylindrocarpa; E_DAC: 12, P. dactylifera “Nile”. Abbreviations for the major geographical groups: AFR: Taxa from Africa and Western Arabian Peninsula. E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. MED: Mediterranean and Macaronesia.
Figure 11.
Phoenix heterogeneity in taxa from Africa, West Asia and the Mediterranean. The red and green circles are proportional to the heterogeneity of the group, before and after normalization, and the blue circles are proportional to the mean intraindividual variability of the accessions in each group. (a) AFR: 1, P. spinosa; 2, P. reclinata var. reclinata; 3, P. caespitosa; 4, P. arabica; 5, P. abyssinica; (b) MED: 1, P. atlantica; E_DAC: 2, P. dactylifera “Socotra”; 3, P. dactylifera “Persia”; 4, P. dactylifera “Mesopotamia”; MED: 5, P. theophrasti “Datça”; 5, P. theophrasti “Gölköy”; 6, P. theophrasti var. theophrasti; W_DAC: 7, P. dactylifera var. costata; P. excelsior; & MED: P. iberica; W_DAC: 8, P. dactylifera “Chevalier”; MED: 9, P. canariensis var. canariensis; P. canariensis var. macrocarpa; & P. canariensis var. porphyrococca; W_DAC: 10, P. dactylifera “Mednoor”; 11, P. dactylifera var. cylindrocarpa; E_DAC: 12, P. dactylifera “Nile”. Abbreviations for the major geographical groups: AFR: Taxa from Africa and Western Arabian Peninsula. E_DAC: North Africa and West Asia P. dactylifera. W_DAC: North Africa and Mediterranean P. dactylifera. MED: Mediterranean and Macaronesia.
Figure 12.
Phoenix heterogeneity in taxa from Middle and East Asia. The red and green circles are proportional to the heterogeneity of the group, before and after normalization, and the blue circles are proportional to the mean intraindividual variability of the accessions in each group. S_AS: 1, P. sylvestris “Edulis”; 2, P. loureiroi var. pedunculata; 3, P. farinifera; 4, P. zeylanica; E_AS: 5, P. hanceana; S_AS: 6, P. rupicola; 7, P. acaulis; 8, P. sylvestris sylvestris; 9, P. andamanensis; SE_AS: 10, P. paludosa; 11, P. roebelenii; 12, P. loureiroi loureiroi;. Abbreviations for the major geographical groups: E_AS: Eastern Asia; S_AS: Southern Asia. SE_AS: South-East Asia.
Figure 12.
Phoenix heterogeneity in taxa from Middle and East Asia. The red and green circles are proportional to the heterogeneity of the group, before and after normalization, and the blue circles are proportional to the mean intraindividual variability of the accessions in each group. S_AS: 1, P. sylvestris “Edulis”; 2, P. loureiroi var. pedunculata; 3, P. farinifera; 4, P. zeylanica; E_AS: 5, P. hanceana; S_AS: 6, P. rupicola; 7, P. acaulis; 8, P. sylvestris sylvestris; 9, P. andamanensis; SE_AS: 10, P. paludosa; 11, P. roebelenii; 12, P. loureiroi loureiroi;. Abbreviations for the major geographical groups: E_AS: Eastern Asia; S_AS: Southern Asia. SE_AS: South-East Asia.
Table 1.
Accepted taxa and their operative taxonomic units analyzed.
Table 1.
Accepted taxa and their operative taxonomic units analyzed.
Recognised Species and Major Groups | OTUs that Include Typical and Related Taxa still under Study and Groups of Landraces |
---|
Phoenix acaulis Roxb. | P. acaulis (10) 1 |
Phoenix canariensis H.Wildpret | P. canariensis var. canariensis (24) 1, P. canariensis “Macrocarpa” (20) 1, P. canariensis var. porphyrococca Vasc. & Franco (32) 1 |
Phoenix dactylifera L. Eastern Group | P. dactylifera “Mesopotamia” (32) 1, P. dactylifera “Nile” (12) 1, P. dactylifera “Persia” (4) 1, P. dactylifera “Socotra” (18) 1 |
Phoenix dactylifera L. Western Group | P. atlantica A.Chev. (15) 1, P. dactylifera “Chevalier” (8) 1, P. dactylifera var. costata Becc. (10) 1, P. dactylifera var. cylindrocarpa Mart. (66) 1, P. dactylifera “Mednoor” (10) 1, P. excelsior Cav. (61) 1, P. iberica D.Rivera, S.Ríos & Obón (10) 1, P. iberica “Abanilla” (6) 1 |
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth | P. andamanensis W.Mill., J.G.Sm. & N.Taylor (8) 1, P. hanceana Naudin (8) 1, P. loureiroi “Huerto del Cura” (4) 1, P. loureiroi var. loureiroi (10) 1, P. loureiroi var. pedunculata (Griff.) Govaerts (4) 1, P loureiroi “Tomás Font” (8) 1 |
Phoenix paludosa Roxb. | P. paludosa Roxb. (15) 1 |
Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. | P. farinifera Roxb. (10) 1, P. zeylanica Trimen (12) 1 |
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. | P. abyssinica Drude (10) 1, P. arabica Burret (10) 1, P. caespitosa Chiov. (11) 1, P. reclinata var. reclinata (11) 1, P. “Palmer” (10) 1, P. spinosa Schumach. & Thonn. (8) 1 |
Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien | P. roebelenii O’Brien (20) 1 |
Phoenix rupicola T.Anderson | P. rupicola var. rupicola (10) 1, P. rupicola “Medipalm” (5) 1 |
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. | P. sylvestris var. sylvestris (15) 1, P. sylvestris “Edulis” (6) 1 |
Phoenix theophrasti Greuter | P. theophrasti var. theophrasti (14) 1, P. theophrasti “Datça” (10) 1, P theophrasti “Gölköy” (10) 1 |
Hybrids | |
Phoenix canariensis × P. reclinata | P. canariensis × P. reclinata (7) 1 |
Phoenix dactylifera × P. canariensis | P. dactylifera × P. canariensis (12) 1 |
Phoenix dactylifera × P. reclinata | P. dactylifera × P. reclinata (4) 1 |
Phoenix dactylifera × P. sylvestris | P. dactylifera × P. sylvestris (6) 1 |
Table 2.
Categories and types of characters and their states.
Table 2.
Categories and types of characters and their states.
Group | Subgroups | Characters | States |
---|
Category | Evaluation | 2 | 7 |
Phenology | 2 | 11 |
Vegetative | 42 | 163 |
Male reproductive | 11 | 31 |
Female reproductive | 13 | 46 |
Fruit and seed | 46 | 191 |
Type | Qualitative ordinal | 12 | 43 |
Quantitative discrete | 7 | 37 |
Quantitative continuous discretized | 48 | 231 |
Qualitative nominal | 29 | 104 |
Binary qualitative | 6 | 6 |
Binary qualitative duplicate | 14 | 28 |
Table 3.
Contribution to the total heterogeneity of Phoenix by the different groups of descriptors 1.
Table 3.
Contribution to the total heterogeneity of Phoenix by the different groups of descriptors 1.
Group | Heterogeneity | Normalized Heterogeneity |
---|
Total | 2.49 | 1 |
Fruit and seed | 2.04 | 0.82 |
Reproductive | 1.99 | 0.79 |
Vegetative | 1.50 | 0.61 |
Female inflorescence and flower | 1.04 | 0.42 |
Male inflorescence and flower | 0.87 | 0.35 |
Table 4.
Operative taxonomic units (OTUs), their intraindividual/intrapopulational morphological variability and morphological/taxonomic heterogeneity.
Table 4.
Operative taxonomic units (OTUs), their intraindividual/intrapopulational morphological variability and morphological/taxonomic heterogeneity.
Taxa | Geog. | AVarIntr (Average) 1 | Heter. 2 | Redund. 3 | Pond. Heter. | Accessions | SF/SM |
---|
P. abyssinica Drude | AFR | 0.32 | 2.03 | 0.39 | 1.72 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. acaulis Roxb. | S_AS | 0.31 | 2.26 | 0.32 | 2.02 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. andamanensis W.Mill., J.G.Sm. & N.Taylor | S_AS | 0.31 | 2.23 | 0.33 | 2.17 | 8 | 3.00 |
P. arabica Burret | AFR | 0.33 | 2.16 | 0.35 | 2.00 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. atlantica A.Chev. | MED | 0.31 | 2.48 | 0.25 | 1.96 | 15 | 4.00 |
P. caespitosa Chiov. | AFR | 0.34 | 2.37 | 0.29 | 2.09 | 11 | 1.20 |
P. canariensis var. canariensis | MED | 0.33 | 2.35 | 0.29 | 1.77 | 24 | 3.80 |
P. canariensis “Macrocarpa” | MED | 0.32 | 2.48 | 0.25 | 1.89 | 20 | 3.00 |
P. canariensis var. porphyrococca Vasc. & Franco | MED | 0.33 | 2.79 | 0.16 | 2.32 | 32 | 1.91 |
P. dactylifera “Mesopotamia” | E_DAC | 0.33 | 2.86 | 0.14 | 2.89 | 32 | 1.00 |
P. dactylifera “Nile” | E_DAC | 0.32 | 2.65 | 0.20 | 2.68 | 12 | 1.00 |
P. dactylifera “Persia” | E_DAC | 0.33 | 1.53 | 0.54 | 2.01 | 4 | 1.00 |
P. dactylifera “Socotra” | E_DAC | 0.33 | 2.81 | 0.15 | 2.99 | 18 | 1.00 |
P. dactylifera “Chevalier” | W_DAC | 0.33 | 2.10 | 0.37 | 2.56 | 8 | 1.00 |
P. dactylifera var. costata Becc. | W_DAC | 0.32 | 2.41 | 0.27 | 2.46 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. dactyliferavar. cylindrocarpa Mart. | W_DAC | 0.32 | 2.86 | 0.14 | 2.45 | 66 | 1.00 |
P. excelsior Cav. | W_DAC | 0.33 | 3.00 | 0.10 | 2.58 | 61 | 3.36 |
P. dactylifera “Mednoor” | W_DAC | 0.33 | 2.75 | 0.17 | 3.18 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. farinifera Roxb. | S_AS | 0.35 | 2.36 | 0.29 | 2.37 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. iberica D.Rivera, S.Ríos & Obón | MED | 0.35 | 2.49 | 0.25 | 2.49 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. iberica “Abanilla” | MED | 0.32 | 1.97 | 0.41 | 2.09 | 6 | 2.00 |
P. hanceana Naudin | E_AS | 0.39 | 2.24 | 0.33 | 2.65 | 8 | 1.00 |
P. loureiroi “Huerto del Cura” | S_AS | 0.35 | 1.46 | 0.56 | 1.97 | 4 | 1.00 |
P. loureiroivar. loureiroi | SE_AS | 0.34 | 2.77 | 0.16 | 2.96 | 10 | 1.00 |
P.loureiroi var. pedunculata (Griff.) Govaerts | S_AS | 0.34 | 1.44 | 0.57 | 1.88 | 4 | 1.00 |
P. loureiroi “Tomás Font” | S_AS | 0.39 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.96 | 8 | 1.00 |
P. “Palmer” | AFR | 0.37 | 1.88 | 0.43 | 1.83 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. paludosa Roxb. | S_AS, SE_AS | 0.31 | 2.42 | 0.27 | 1.86 | 15 | 2.00 |
P. reclinatavar. reclinata | AFR | 0.32 | 2.75 | 0.17 | 2.55 | 11 | 1.75 |
P. spinosa Schumach. & Thonn. | AFR | 0.31 | 2.02 | 0.39 | 1.89 | 8 | 3.00 |
P. roebelenii O’Brien | SE_AS | 0.32 | 2.49 | 0.25 | 1.79 | 20 | 2.33 |
P. rupícola var. rupícola | S_AS | 0.32 | 1.95 | 0.41 | 1.62 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. rupicola “Medipalm” | S_AS | 0.34 | 1.37 | 0.59 | 1.48 | 5 | 1.50 |
P. sylvestris “Edulis” | S_AS | 0.32 | 1.81 | 0.46 | 1.86 | 6 | 1.00 |
P. sylvestris var. sylvestris | S_AS | 0.33 | 2.63 | 0.21 | 2.20 | 15 | 2.00 |
P. theophrasti “Datça” | MED | 0.34 | 2.45 | 0.26 | 2.43 | 10 | 1.00 |
P theophrasti “Gölköy” | MED | 0.34 | 2.29 | 0.31 | 2.00 | 10 | 1.00 |
P. theophrasti var. theophrasti | MED | 0.36 | 2.30 | 0.31 | 2.05 | 14 | 1.00 |
P. zeylanica Trimen | S_AS | 0.33 | 2.80 | 0.16 | 2.68 | 12 | 1.40 |
Hybrids | | | | | | | |
P. canariensis × P. reclinata | - | 0.35 | 2.01 | 0.39 | 2.26 | 7 | 2.50 |
P. dactylifera × P. canariensis | - | 0.35 | 2.20 | 0.34 | 1.99 | 12 | 5.00 |
P. dactylifera × P. reclinata | - | 0.31 | 1.38 | 0.59 | 1.66 | 4 | 1.00 |
P. dactylifera × P. sylvestris | - | 0.34 | 2.17 | 0.35 | 3.04 | 6 | 2.00 |
Table 5.
Species and hybrids intraindividual/intrapopulational variability, heterogeneity and redundancy.
Table 5.
Species and hybrids intraindividual/intrapopulational variability, heterogeneity and redundancy.
Recognised Species and Major Groups | Geog. | AVarIntr (Range) 1 | Heterogeneity 2 | Redundancy | Pondered Heterogeneity 3 | SM 4 | SF 4 |
---|
Phoenix acaulis Roxb. | S_AS | 0.31 | 2.26 | 0.32 | 2.02 | 5 | 5 |
Phoenix canariensis H.Wildpret | MED | 0.32–0.33 | 2.35–2.79, mean 2.54 | 0.16–0.29, mean 0.23 | 1.77–2.32, mean 1.99 | 21 | 55 |
Phoenix dactylifera L. Eastern Group | E_DAC | 0.32–0.32 | 1.53–2.86, mean 2.46 | 0.14–0.54, mean 0.26 | 2.01–2.99, mean 2.64 | 33 | 33 |
Phoenix dactylifera L. Western Group | W_DAC | 0.31–0.35 | 2.10–3.0, mean 2.62 | 0.10–0.37, mean 0.21 | 2.45–3.18, mean 2.65 | 61 | 94 |
Phoenix loureiroi Kunth | S_AS, E_AS, SE_AS | 0.31–0.39 | (1) 5 1.46–2.77, mean 2.17 | 0.16–0.56 (0.70) 5, mean 0.35 | (0.96) 5 1.97–2.96, mean 2.53 | 15 | 15 |
Phoenix paludosa Roxb. | S_AS, SE_AS | 0.31 | 2.42 | 0.27 | 1.86 | 5 | 10 |
Phoenix pusilla Gaertn. | S_AS | 0.33–0.35 | 2.36–2.80, mean 2.58 | 0.16–0.29, mean 0.23 | 2.37–2.68, mean 2.53 | 10 | 12 |
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. | AFR | 0.31–0.37 | (1.88) 5 2.02–2.75, mean 2.26 | 0.17–0.39 (0.43) 5, mean 0.32 | (1.83) 5 1.72–2.55, mean 2.05 | 26 | 34 |
Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien | SE_AS | 0.32 | 2.49 | 0.25 | 1.79 | 6 | 14 |
Phoenix rupicola T.Anderson | S_AS | 0.32–0.34 | (1.37) 5 1.95 | 0.41 (0.59) 5 | (1.62) 5 1.82 | 7 | 8 |
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. | S_AS | 0.32–0.33 | 1.81–2.63, mean 2.22 | 0.21–0.46, mean 0.34 | 1.86–2.2, mean 2.03 | 8 | 13 |
Phoenix theophrasti Greuter | MED | 0.34–0.36 | 2.1–2.45, mean 2.28 | 0.26–0.37, mean 0.33 | 2–2.43, mean 2.16 | 17 | 17 |
Hybrids | | | | | | | |
Phoenix canariensis × P. reclinata | - | 0.35 | 2.01 | 0.39 | 2.26 | 2 | 5 |
Phoenix dactylifera × P. canariensis | - | 0.35 | 2.20 | 0.34 | 1.99 | 2 | 10 |
Phoenix dactylifera × P. reclinata | - | 0.31 | 1.36 | 0.59 | 1.66 | 2 | 2 |
Phoenix dactylifera × P. sylvestris | - | 0.34 | 2.17 | 0.35 | 3.04 | 2 | 4 |
Table 6.
Morphological differences between Phoenix dactylifera Western and Eastern groups.
Table 6.
Morphological differences between Phoenix dactylifera Western and Eastern groups.
Distinctive Characters | Western Syndrome | W Cultivars Examples | Eastern Syndrome | E Cultivars Examples |
---|
Leaf | | | | |
Basal neck length in the upper spines | 0–15 mm | Abel, Alig, Candits, Criollo, Deglet Nour, Ghars, Haziz | 15–30 (60) mm | Apdandon, Barhee, Dairy, Khalas, Koroch, Lulu |
Leaf base width | 15–30 (35) cm | Candits, Medjool, Rhars, Thoory | 8–20 (25) cm | Apdandon, Korosh, Sarafana, Sayir, Sudra |
Spines (acanthophylls) * | 10–30 | Abel, Abu Faqqus, Alig, Blonde Beauty, Criollo, Deglet Nour, Ghars, Maurs, Thoory | 2–17 | Khadrawy, Kustawy, Sudra, Sarafana |
Fruits | | | | |
Fruiting Peduncle Colour | Orange, greenish orange or reddish orange | Beser Helou, Candits, Criollo, Medjool, Thoory | Greenish yellow, yellow or orange | Barhee, Braim, Dairy, Lulu, Sarafana, Sudra |
Fruit Apex | Obtuse | Aziza, Candits, Maurs, Rhars, Tenats, Thoory | Obtuse, acute, truncate, mucronate, ovate-oblique, retuse emarginate | Barhee, Braim, Dairy, Kustawy, Maktoom, Piarom |
Epicarp | Epicarp usually not adherent | Abel, Alig, Candits, Medjool, Thoory | Epicarp usually adherent | Barhee, Braim, Dairy, Piarom, Sayir |
Seeds | | | | |
Seed width | 6–12 mm | Abel, Candits, Criollo, Ghars, Medjool, Tenats | 5–10 mm | Apdandon, Kessab, Maktoom, Muzawati, Sarafana, Sudra, Zahidi |
Seed shape | Seed ovate to triangular, elliptical, elliptical-oblong, but also cylindrical-narrow | Blonde Beauty, Brunette Beauty, Candits, Criollo, Deglet Nour, Haziz, Medjool Thoory | Seed usually cylindrical-narrow | Apdandon, Dairy, Halawy, Khadrawy, Khalas, Muzawaty, Sarafana, Sayir, Sudra, Zahidi |
Seed ventral furrow | Seed ventral furrow shallow or U-shaped, rarely deep V-shaped | Abel, Alig, Blonde Beauty, Brunette Beauty, Deglet Nour, Haziz, Medjool, San Ignacio | Seed ventral furrow usually deep V-shaped, less often U-shaped | Apdandon, Dairy, Halawy, Khadrawy, Khalas, Maktoom, Muzawaty, Sarafana, Sayir, Sudra, Zahidi |
Seed surface | Rough or irregular, rarely smooth | Aziza, Beser Helou, Candits, Criollo, Medjool, Rhars, Tenats, Thoory | About 40% are smooth, the rest rough or irregular | Apdandon, Koroch, Lulu, Muzawati, Piarom |