Effects of Azorhizobium caulinodans and Piriformospora indica Co-Inoculation on Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Salt Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. P. indica and A. caulinodans Cultures
2.1.1. Tomato Growth, Microbial Inoculation, and Salt Treatments
2.1.2. Micrography
2.1.3. Determination of Height and Stem Base Diameters of Tomato Plants
2.1.4. Determination of Chlorophyll Fluorescence
2.1.5. Plant Harvesting and Shoot Biomass Determination
2.1.6. Determination of Photosynthetic Pigment Concentrations
2.1.7. Determination of Soluble Sugars and Proteins
2.1.8. Assay of Enzymes
2.2. Assay of Reduced and Oxidized Glutathione
2.3. Determination of Ascorbate Concentrations
2.4. Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels
2.5. Determination of Total Proanthocyanidin Concentrations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Colonization of A. caulinodans and P. indica
3.2. Effects of Inoculations on Tomato Plant Growth under Different Treatments
3.3. Effects of Inoculations on the Photosynthetic Pigments
3.4. Effects of Inoculations on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters
3.5. Effects of Inoculations on the Soluble Sugars and Proteins
3.6. Effects of Inoculations on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
3.7. Effects of Inoculations on the Antioxidants
3.8. Effect of Inoculations on the Malondialdehyde Concentrations
3.9. Effects of Inoculations on the Fruit Quality
4. Discussion
4.1. Co-Inoculation of A. caulinodans and P. indica Promotes Growth and Fruit Quality
4.2. Co-Inoculation of A. caulinodans and P. indica Enhances Salt Tolerance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chl a (mg/g FW) | Chl b (mg/g FW) | Car (mg/g FW) | Total Chlorophyll | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 17.65 ± 0.63 abc | 6.75 ± 0.34 a | 3.45 ± 0.30 ab | 27.84 ± 0.56 abc |
Azac | 18.61 ± 0.73 ab | 7.95 ± 0.39 a | 4.16 ± 0.10 a | 30.72 ± 1.22 a |
Piin | 19.07 ± 1.13 a | 7.67 ± 1.14 a | 3.60 ± 0.60 ab | 30.34 ± 0.79 ab |
NaCl | 15.11 ± 0.41 c | 6.50 ± 0.25 a | 2.52 ± 0.20 b | 24.13 ± 0.80 d |
NaCl + Azca | 16.90 ± 0.96 abc | 7.29 ± 0.54 a | 3.25 ± 0.19 ab | 27.44 ± 0.58 bc |
NaCl + Piin | 15.80 ± 0.90 bc | 7.21 ± 1.22 a | 3.20 ± 0.51 ab | 26.22 ± 1.61 cd |
NaCl + Azca + Piin | 17.56 ± 0.92 abc | 7.50 ± 0.45 a | 3.63 ± 0.25 ab | 28.68 ± 0.78 abc |
Y(II) | ETR | qP | Fv/Fm | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 0.55 ± 0.00 f | 29.00 ± 0.08 f | 0.88 ± 0.00 d | 0.5591 ± 0.00 e |
Azca | 0.62 ± 0.00 b | 32.55 ± 0.10 b | 0.94 ± 0.00 b | 0.6171 ± 0.00 d |
Piin | 0.60 ± 0.00 d | 31.36 ± 0.17 d | 0.90 ± 0.00 d | 0.6397 ± 0.00 c |
NaCl | 0.56 ± 0.00 e | 29.55 ± 0.38 e | 1.00 ± 0.05 a | 0.4140 ± 0.01 f |
NaCl + Azca | 0.61 ± 0.00 c | 32.01 ± 0.11 c | 0.90 ± 0.00 cd | 0.6768 ± 0.00 b |
NaCl + Piin | 0.64 ± 0.00 a | 33.82 ± 0.13 a | 0.93 ± 0.00 bc | 0.6848 ± 0.00 a |
NaCl + Azca + Piin | 0.55 ± 0.00 f | 28.61 ± 0.11 f | 0.85 ± 0.040 e | 0.6436 ± 0.00 c |
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Xu, Z.; Pehlivan, N.; Ghorbani, A.; Wu, C. Effects of Azorhizobium caulinodans and Piriformospora indica Co-Inoculation on Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Salt Stress. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040302
Xu Z, Pehlivan N, Ghorbani A, Wu C. Effects of Azorhizobium caulinodans and Piriformospora indica Co-Inoculation on Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Salt Stress. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(4):302. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040302
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Zhiwen, Necla Pehlivan, Abazar Ghorbani, and Chu Wu. 2022. "Effects of Azorhizobium caulinodans and Piriformospora indica Co-Inoculation on Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Salt Stress" Horticulturae 8, no. 4: 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040302