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Open AccessArticle
An Aging-Optimized State-of-Charge-Controlled Multi-Stage Constant Current (MCC) Fast Charging Algorithm for Commercial Li-Ion Battery Based on Three-Electrode Measurements
by
Alexis Kalk
Alexis Kalk 1,†
,
Lea Leuthner
Lea Leuthner 2,*,†
,
Christian Kupper
Christian Kupper 1
and
Marc Hiller
Marc Hiller 1
1
Institute of Electrical Engineering (ETI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
2
Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Batteries 2024, 10(8), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080267 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 6 June 2024
/
Revised: 10 July 2024
/
Accepted: 24 July 2024
/
Published: 26 July 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a method that leads to a highly accurate state-of-charge dependent multi-stage constant current (MCC) charging algorithm for electric bicycle batteries to reduce the charging time without accelerating aging by avoiding Li-plating. First, the relation between the current rate, state-of-charge, and Li-plating is experimentally analyzed with the help of three-electrode measurements. Therefore, a SOC-dependent charging algorithm is proposed. Secondly, a SOC estimation algorithm based on an Extended Kalman Filter is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to conduct high accuracy SOC estimations and control precisely the charging algorithm. The results of the experiments showed that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of SOC estimation is 1.08%, and the charging time from 0% to 80% SOC is reduced by 30%.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Kalk, A.; Leuthner, L.; Kupper, C.; Hiller, M.
An Aging-Optimized State-of-Charge-Controlled Multi-Stage Constant Current (MCC) Fast Charging Algorithm for Commercial Li-Ion Battery Based on Three-Electrode Measurements. Batteries 2024, 10, 267.
https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080267
AMA Style
Kalk A, Leuthner L, Kupper C, Hiller M.
An Aging-Optimized State-of-Charge-Controlled Multi-Stage Constant Current (MCC) Fast Charging Algorithm for Commercial Li-Ion Battery Based on Three-Electrode Measurements. Batteries. 2024; 10(8):267.
https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080267
Chicago/Turabian Style
Kalk, Alexis, Lea Leuthner, Christian Kupper, and Marc Hiller.
2024. "An Aging-Optimized State-of-Charge-Controlled Multi-Stage Constant Current (MCC) Fast Charging Algorithm for Commercial Li-Ion Battery Based on Three-Electrode Measurements" Batteries 10, no. 8: 267.
https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080267
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