Review of Photovoltaic–Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid-Forming Operation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Typical Configuration of the PV-BES System
3. Typical GFM Controls in PV-BES System
3.1. Droop Control
3.2. Virtual Synchronous Generator Control
3.3. Virtual Oscillator Control
3.4. Matching Control
4. Coordinated Control of the PV-BES System
4.1. Unified Mode Division and Switching Method
4.2. Specific Mode Switching and Division Methods
4.3. Coordinated Control Strategies to Improve the Power Flow Performance
4.4. Challenges and Prospects of Coordinated GFM Control in PV-BES Systems
- (1)
- Seamless mode transitions: develop coordinated control strategies to enable seamless mode transitions, minimizing power losses and transient times.
- (2)
- Transient stability: consider transient stability during PV-BES system mode switching.
- (3)
- System modeling and parameter design: model the PV-BES system and design control parameters to ensure system stability.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Configuration | Common AC-Bus | Common DC-Bus | TPCs | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Structure scalability | Easy | Difficult | Difficult | |
Control degrees | Less | More | More | |
Efficiency | PV to batteries | Low | High | Highest |
PV to the grid | High | Low | Highest | |
Batteries to the grid | High | High | Highest | |
Cost | High | Low | Highest |
GFM Control | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Droop control |
|
|
VSG control |
|
|
VOC control |
|
|
Matching control |
|
|
Control | Configuration | Characteristics |
---|---|---|
Coordinated control I |
| PV system always works at MPP. |
Coordinated control II |
| PV system works at MPP or reduced power. |
Coordinated control III |
| The battery ramp rate is considered. |
Coordinated control IV |
| The scenario in which the grid supplies energy to the source has been considered. |
Coordinated control V | Common DC bus connection | The DC-link voltage is employed to regulate the power flow. |
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Yin, K.; Xiao, Y.; Shen, X.; Zhu, Y.; Yang, Y. Review of Photovoltaic–Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid-Forming Operation. Batteries 2024, 10, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080288
Yin K, Xiao Y, Shen X, Zhu Y, Yang Y. Review of Photovoltaic–Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid-Forming Operation. Batteries. 2024; 10(8):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080288
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Kai, Yi Xiao, Xiaomeng Shen, Yinxiao Zhu, and Yongheng Yang. 2024. "Review of Photovoltaic–Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid-Forming Operation" Batteries 10, no. 8: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080288