15 December 1929, “Tying Trees at Robinzon’s”; 16 December 1929, “Unemployed”—A Work Diary (1928–1931) of a Jewish Agricultural Laborer in the Establishment of the Citrus Orchards in Eretz Israel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Some Historical and Terminological Comments
3. Background
3.1. Pre-Emigration Preparation for Manual Labor among Young Jewish Pioneers
3.2. Jewish Labor in the Establishment of Citrus Orchards in Early 20th Century Eretz Israel
I started working in Berz’s orchard, and then we moved to an apartment above the well and engine in the same orchard. The house was very abandoned, but we cleaned and arranged it until it became a clean and pleasant apartment. Many friends came to connect with us. I worked in the orchard until the British arrived.
3.3. Work Diaries as a Historical Source
At 6:00 the temperature was 60 degrees, the barometer read 675.0 at 7. I did not see any mistletoe on the olive trees. The major field crops here are wheat, barley, and a little bit of watermelon. Most of the locals are engaged in growing lime. The prickly burnet (Poterium Spinosum) dominates the slopes of the hills here.
4. Mordechai Livnat (Libman) and His Work Diary
Mordechai Livnat’s Work Diary: Analysis and Summary
- Serial Number: A unique identifier for each entry;
- Workday: This is marked with a “1” for entries referring to a workday (regardless of whether Livnat actually worked that day) or a “0” otherwise (mostly Saturdays and holidays);
- Worked? This is marked with a “1” for entries where Livnat did work and a “0” for entries where he did not;
- Reason for Non-Work: This is only filled in for days where “Worked?” is “0”. The reason for Livnat not working is encoded based on the work description itself. Details about these codes can be found in Section 5.1.2, Absences from Work;
- Absent Due to Rain? This is marked with a “1” if “Worked?” is “0”, and the reason for not working is listed as “Rain”;
- Rainfall: The daily precipitation amount recorded in Herzliya on that day, as found in the archive of the Israel Meteorological Service8 (see full details in Section 5.1.2, Absences from Work);
- Rain Today or Yesterday? This is marked with a “1” if the “Rainfall” value for the current date or the previous day was positive;
- Hourly Wage: Calculated by dividing the daily wage by the number of working hours;
- Employer: This is encoded based on the work description. See details in Section 5.2.1, Employers (Livnat may have worked for multiple employers on a single day, so this might have multiple entries);
- Task: This is encoded based on the work description. See details in Section 5.2.4, Nature of Work (similar to the employer, Livnat may have had multiple tasks on a single day).
5. Analysis
5.1. Working Conditions
5.1.1. Workweek
5.1.2. Absences from Work
5.1.3. Work Hours
5.1.4. Wages
5.1.5. Summary of Working Conditions
5.2. Nature of Work
5.2.1. Employers
- Aharonson Zeev (his wife: Sima), born in Russia in 1887, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1925 and lived in Herzliya between 1927 and 1930, earning his living from agriculture and orchards;
- Goldberg Nachum (Leah), born in Petach Tikva in 1894, settled in Herzliya in 1926, established an agricultural farm, planted orchards, and managed orchards belonging to others;
- Gissin Moshe (Susiya), born in Russia in 1861, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1885, settled in Herzliya in 1925, planted orchards, and assisted in the establishment of the farm of his daughter, Michal Perlin (see below);
- De-Shalit Moshe (Ada), born in Russia in 1892, was the Israeli director of Kehilat Zion, the society that purchased the land of Herzliya and founded it;
- Weintal Chaim-Yaakov (widower), born in Poland in 1865, immigrated to Eretz Israel and settled in Herzliya in 1925, where he bought a large orchard;
- Zablodovsky (Amir) Israel (Rebecca), born in Lithuania in 1903, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1923, settled in Herzliya in 1928, worked in orchards, was active in Haganah,21 and was one of the founders of the organization’s branch in Herzliya. Later, he was one of the founders of the Israeli Air Force and its first commander;
- Lentz Tzvi (Irena), born in Transylvania in 1896, immigrated to Eretz Israel, =settled in Herzliya in 1924, and established, together with other family members who settled in the area, a large agricultural farm that included vegetable patches, an orchard, and banana plantations;
- Soletz Zeev (Miriam), born in Petach Tikva in 1907, settled in Herzliya in 1925, was a member of the Bnei Binyamin group,22 engaged in agriculture and packaging, and was responsible for the water wells;
- Poliakov Matityahu (Devorah), born in Poland in 1885, a member of the Hasidic Chabad movement, immigrated to Eretz Israel and settled in Herzliya in 1931, where he bought an orchard;
- Pressman Charles (Penny), born in Russia in 1888, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1920, headed Kehilat Zion, and purchased a large orchard in Herzliya;
- Perlin Mordechai (Michal nee Gissin, see number 3), born in the United States in 1892, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1896, settled in Herzliya in 1926, was a member of the national board of Bnei Binyamin, supervised orchards in the settlement, and engaged in public activities;
- Pershitz Dov (Ida), born in Poland in 1896, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1923, settled in Herzliya in 1925, and was active in Kehilat Zion;
- Kanterovitz Yechiel (Margalit), born in Russia in 1878, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1926, settled in Herzliya in 1927, and established a large orchard in Herzliya;
- Robinzon Shmuel (Ahuva), born in Petach Tikva in 1907, arrived in Herzliya in 1925 with Bnei Binyamin and owned an orchard and a small farm;
- Steinfeld Yaakov (Yaffa), born in Poland in 1882, immigrated to Eretz Israel in 1923, settled in Herzliya in 1930, and established an orchard there.
5.2.2. Network of Employers
5.2.3. Employment Distribution
5.2.4. Nature of Work
5.2.5. Summary of the Nature of the Work
5.3. Socio-Political Contexts
5.3.1. Religious–Secular Tension
5.3.2. Self-Identity as a Laborer
5.3.3. Misrepresentation of Riots
5.3.4. Re-Examining the Term Halutz (Pioneer)
6. Discussion
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | An English translation has been made available by the Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, https://www.posenlibrary.com/entry/call-jewish-youth-whose-hearts-lie-their-people-and-zion [retrieved 28 July 2024]. |
2 | One dunam today equals 1000 square meters, about a quarter acre; during the ruling of the Ottoman Empire and the British Mandate in Eretz Israel—until around 1928—one dunam equaled about 919 square meters. |
3 | List of immigrants on the ship “Corinthia”, within “List of Immigrants 1923—Jaffa, Haifa”, Central Zionist Archives, File 555/S104. |
4 | Personal questionnaire—Mordechai Livnat, Kfar Vitkin Archive. |
5 | A digital copy is deposited in the Herzliya City Archive. |
6 | As mentioned in the above short biography, Livnat’s father was a Hebrew teacher, and Livnat probably acquired the Hebrew language in his childhood home, before immigrating to Eretz Israel. |
7 | Starting in 1927, the Palestine pound served as the official currency of the Mandate Government in the Land of Israel, with 1 mil being 1/1000 part of the pound. |
8 | https://ims.data.gov.il/ (accessed on 28 July 2024). |
9 | During the documented period, it only occurred once (in 1930) that the holidays of Sukkot and Simchat Torah did not fall on Shabbat, and only then did Yavne enjoy 47 days of freedom. |
10 | In the years 1929 and 1931, Livnat only worked for two days of the holiday, while, in 1930, he did not work for an entire week (including the intermediate Shabbat). |
11 | In 1929, Livnat did not work for two days during Purim; in 1930, he did not work on Purim itself; and, in 1931, he did not work for three days during Purim. |
12 | Additionally, in 1929 and 1930, Livnat only worked for one day of the holiday, while, in 1928, he traveled to celebrate the holiday in Nahalal (as noted in the journal), and therefore did not work for three days. |
13 | Station No. 134351, Herzliya, School, geographic longitude coordinates: north 32.1644°, east 34.8360°; height: 60 m above sea level, as appears in the metadata file for the meteorological data archive, https://ims.data.gov.il (accessed on 28 July 2024). |
14 | We also checked rainfall records for the day before the workday to address situations when rain fell during the night hours, before midnight, and possibly influenced the work the next morning. |
15 | Since the months of April 1928 (the first month in the journal) and December 1931 (the last month in the journal) were not fully documented in the journal, they were excluded from this calculation. |
16 | The average calculation for the months May–October referred to four seasons (1928–1931), and the calculation for the months November–April referred to three seasons (1930/31, 1929/30, 1928/29) only. |
17 | The exchange rate of the dollar on 16 February 2021 stood at USD 1 equal to ILS 24.3. Source: [Bank of Israel Exchange Rates], https://www.boi.org.il/he/Markets/ExchangeRates/Pages/Default.aspx (accessed on 30 June 2024). |
18 | American Zion Commonwealth, a Zionist settlement corporation founded in 1914 by American Zionists for acquiring lands for Jewish settlement in Eretz Israel (cf. Sandler 1978, pp. 187–216). |
19 | The name of another employer appears only once alongside the name of another: on 24 December 29, he worked for “Rabinowitz-Krakovski”; while Rabinowitz is mentioned a few more times, Krakovski is mentioned only in this context, so we do not refer to him in the analysis. |
20 | According to the testimony of Boris Dev Semitt, grandson of Dov Pershitz, in a conversation with the author, March 2021. |
21 | The main Zionist paramilitary organization that operated for the Jewish settlers during the British Mandate. |
22 | An organization that was established in 1921 by farmers of the First Aliyah villages—named after Binyamin Ze’ev Hertzl—aimed at helping farmers; later, the organization turned into a company that purchased land and built up new settlements (cf. Karniel 2017). |
23 | Advertisement of the business “A. Hirschberg”, appearing in the newspaper “Haaretz” on 26 November 1925, indicating that agricultural supplies, especially “Chemical Fertilizer”, can be found there (p. 4); in contrast, in the article “The Levant Livestock Professions” by Dr. M. Zagorodsky, published in the newspaper “Haaretz” on 9 May 1929, the writer mentions that the suitable conditions for vegetable cultivation are “light soil, plenty of good water for irrigation, organic fertilizer” (p. 3). |
24 | The photo was taken between 1910 and 1920. Archives for the History of Rehovot, Kafra Collection, from the Pikiwiki website. [Retrieved 4 June 2024] [Link] (https://www.pikiwiki.org.il/image/view/1491). |
25 | Photographed by the author at the Herzliya History Museum, March 2021. |
26 | Regarding trains—see above, in detail, about the first category: irrigation and compost. |
27 | As stated on the website of “Beit Yechiel”, the First Homes Stone of Judah, http://rishonim-e-y.org.il/ [Retrieved 4 June 2024]. |
28 | As stated on the website of Kibbutz Ramat Yohanan, at http://www.ramat-yohanan.com/siteb/subpages/haklaut/pardes-mata.htm (retrieved on 7 May 2021 from yohanan.com). |
29 | Photographed by the author in a field in Sde Varburg, May 2021. |
30 | Referring to a pulse, which is a type of garden crop. |
31 | https://israelalbum.org.il [in Hebrew] (retrieved 17 June 2024). |
32 | The author’s translation to part of the poem “Man is nothing but…”. |
References
- Aaronsohn, Aaron. 1940. צמח מערב הירדן: מפקד בקורת לצמחים אשר נאספו ומקצתם הוגדרו ע"י אהרן אהרנסון במשך 1904)במערב הירדם, סוריה והלבנון (1916–מסעותיו [Plant of the West Jordan: A Survey of the Plants That Were Collected and Some of Them Defined by Aaron Aaronsohn during His Travels (1904–1916) in the West Jordan, Syria and Lebanon]. Zikhron Ya’akov: Aaronsohn Foundation. [Google Scholar]
- Almogi, Yosef. 1982. Total Commitment. New York: Herzl Press. [Google Scholar]
- Alroey, Gur. 2004. אימיגרנטים: ההגירה היהודית לארץ-ישראל בראשית המאה העשרים [Immigrants: The Jewish Immigration to Palestine in the Early Twentieth Century]. Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi. [Google Scholar]
- Alroey, Gur. 2014. An Unpromising Land: Jewish Migration to Palestine in the Early Twentieth Century. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Alroey, Gur. 2024. Land of Refuge: Immigration to Palestine, 1919–1927. Bloomington: INL Indiana University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Alyagon, Ofra. 1970. מספר אחד נפגע: סיפור חייו של הטייס סרן ארנון ליבנת ז”ל [Number One Was Hit: The Life Story of the Late Pilot Captain Arnon Livnat]. Tel Aviv: Alef. [Google Scholar]
- Amiur, Hezi. 2016. Meshek Beit Haikar: Hameshek Hame’urav Bamaḥshevah Hatziyonit [משק בית האיכר: המשק המעורב במחשבת הציונית]. Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center. [Google Scholar]
- Avital, Anat. 2015. ריבוי עצי פרי באמצעות הרכבה: תיאורים בפסיפסים מהתקופה הרומית והביזנטית [Reproduction of Fruit Trees by Grafting: Depictions in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv 157: 33–52. [Google Scholar]
- Avram, Baruch Ben, and Henri Nir. 1995. עיונים בעלייה השלישית [Studies in the Third Aliyah]. Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi. [Google Scholar]
- Berenstein, Dvora. 2003. כאשר ‘עבודה עברית’ איננה עומדת על הפרק: הסתדרות העובדים לנוכח המגזר הממשלתי המנדטורי [When ‘Hebrew Labor’ Is Not on the Agenda: The Histadrut of the Workers in the Face of the Mandatory Government Sector]. In Studies in the Rise of Israel: Economy and Society during the British Mandate. Edited by Avi Bareli and Nachum Karlinsky. Beer Sheva: Ben Gurion Institution, pp. 79–106. [Google Scholar]
- Bolitan, Said. 1934. לכל בעלי פרדסים בארץ (מודעה) [To All Orchard Owners in Eretz Israel (Ad)]. Doar HaYom, June 29. [Google Scholar]
- Briggs, Charles, and Richard Bauman. 1992. Genre, intertextuality, and social power. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 2: 131–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, Boaz. 2015. מיקרו-היסטוריה של מחקר השואה הישראלי: דב לוין והפרטיזנים מקובנה כותבים את סיפורם [A Micro-History of the Israeli Holocaust Research: Dov Levin and the Partisans from Kovna Write Their Story]. Iyunim 25: 214–39. [Google Scholar]
- Davar. 1927. במאזן המסחרי הא”י [In the Eretz Israeli Trade Balance]. Davar, February 24. [Google Scholar]
- Davar. 1929a. הרצליה: בעבודה [Herzliya: At Work]. Davar, November 4. [Google Scholar]
- Davar. 1929b. פתח תקווה: ארגון העבודה [Petach Tikva: Organization of the Work]. Davar, July 11. [Google Scholar]
- Davar. 1931. בקבוצת כנרת (מודעה) [In Kinneret Group (Ad)]. Davar, December 18. [Google Scholar]
- Davidzon, Menashe. 2005. משק ההדרים היהודי בארץ-ישראל במאה ה-20 [The Jewish Citrus Industry in Israel during the 20th Century]. Horizons in Geography 64/65: 425–37. [Google Scholar]
- Dayan, Shmuel. 1935. With Deganya’s Half-Jubilee. Tel Aviv: A.Y. Stybel. [Google Scholar]
- Dekker, Rudolf. 2002. Introduction. In Egodocuments and History: Autobiographical Writing in its Social Context Since the Middle Ages. Edited by Rudolf Dekker. Hilversum: Verloren, pp. 7–20. [Google Scholar]
- Dimsdale, N. H. 1981. British Monetary Policy and the Exchange Rate 1920–1938. Oxford Economic Papers 33: 306–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dix, Robin. 2009. A Newly Discovered Manuscript Dedication by Mark Akenside. Medical History 59: 425–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Doar HaYom. 1926. Kfar Sava: We Found Water. Doar HaYom, March 3. [Google Scholar]
- Engel, Shlomo. 1964. למה הלכנו למשמרת?: 30 שנה למאבק על העבודה העברית בכפר-סבא [Why Did We Go on a Shift?: 30 Years to the Struggle for Hebrew Labor in Kfar Saba]. Davar, May 13. [Google Scholar]
- Frumkin, Heschel. 1930. התפתחותנו הכלכלית על סף 1930 [Our Economic Development on the Brink of 1930]. Davar, March 6. [Google Scholar]
- Fulbrook, Mary, and Ulinka Rublack. 2010. In relation: The ‘Social Self’ and ego-documents. German History 28: 263–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gabe, Evan Bradley. 2013. The Great White Umpire in Palestine: British Economic Polices and Arab Grievances, 1920–1936. Master’s thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. [Google Scholar]
- Galchinsky, Michael. 2004. The Jewish settlements in the West Bank: International law and Israeli jurisprudence. Israel Studies 9: 115–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giladi, Dan. 1985. ענף ההדרים—מנוף להתיישבות בשרון [The Citrus Industry—A Lever for Settlement in The Sharon]. In Proceedings of the Ninth World Congress of Jewish Studies Division B Volume III: The History of the Jewish People (The Modern Times). Edited by David Assaf. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, pp. 115–19. [Google Scholar]
- Glenk, Helmut. 2005. From Desert Sands to Golden Oranges: The History of the German Templer Settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947. Victoria: Trafford Publishing. [Google Scholar]
- Goffer, Dorit, ed. n.d. בית בונים בשנים—סיפורי חברים [It Takes Years to Build a Home—Members’ Stories].
- Goldstein, Dov. 1998. הרצליה—אגדה של עיר [Herzliya—A Legend of a City]. Tel Aviv: Milo. [Google Scholar]
- Goldstein, Eli. 2020. ציונות מול לאומיות מצרית ערב הקמת מדינת ישראל: משפחות דה מנשה ומוצרי במצרים בשנות הארבעים של המאה העשרים [Zionism versus Egyptian Nationalism on the Eve of the Establishment of the State of Israel: The De Menashe and Mussari Families in Egypt in the 1940s]. My Heart Is in the East B, 11–22. [Google Scholar]
- Gurion, David Ben. 1932. עבודה עברית [Hebrew Labor]. Tel Aviv: Zionist General Council. [Google Scholar]
- Haaretz. 1931. המלחמה ביוקר הלחם בתל אביב [The War on the Price of Bread in Tel Aviv]. Haaretz, October 7. [Google Scholar]
- Halperin, Chaim. 1956. מדיניות המים [The Water Policy]. The Economic Quarterly 3: 410–20. [Google Scholar]
- Hayut, Yehuda. 1979. השפעת האידיאולוגיה היישובית על התפתחות הקריות בחוף מפרץ חיפה [The Influence of Settlement Ideology on the Development of the ‘Krayot’ on the Coast of the Haifa Bay]. Horizons in Geography 4: 19–26. [Google Scholar]
- Hemyan, Ronit, and Tamar Yogev. 2018. לחקור מורשת דיגיטלית: עיצוב ארכיונים מקומיים במיזם ‘ישראל נגלית לעין’ [Studying Digital Heritage: Design of Local Archives in the Project ‘Israel Is Visible’]. Iyunim 30: 240–73. [Google Scholar]
- Hershkovitz, Arnon, and Sharon Hardof-Jaffe. 2017. Genealogy as a Lifelong Learning Endeavor. Leisure/Loisir 41: 535–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herskovitz, Arnon. 2012. A Suggested Taxonomy of Genealogy as a Multidisciplinary Academic Research Field. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 4: 5–21. [Google Scholar]
- Isseroff, Ami. 2005a. Avoda Ivrit. Zionism and Israel—Encyclopedic Dictionary. Available online: https://zionism-israel.com/dic/Avoda_Ivrit.htm (accessed on 4 June 2024).
- Isseroff, Ami. 2005b. Kibbush Haavoda. Zionism and Israel—Encyclopedic Dictionary. Available online: https://zionism-israel.com/dic/Kibbush_Haavoda.htm (accessed on 4 June 2024).
- Kabalo, Paule. 2009. Pioneering discourse and the shaping of an Israeli citizen in the 1950s. Jewish Social Studies 15: 82–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karlinsky, Nahum. 1997. ‘לא דגניה תגאל את הארץ כי אם פתח־תקוה קפיטליסטית’ - יזמות פרטית בהשקפתם של הפרדסנים העברים ושל הפרדסנים העברים ושל מתנגדיהם, 1939–1904 [’Not Deganya Will Redeem the Country but a Capitalist Petah Tikva’—Private Entrepreneurship in the View of the Hebrew Orchadists and Their Opponents, 1904–1939]. Studies in the Rise of Israel 7: 327–59. [Google Scholar]
- Karniel, Aviv. 2017. בני בנימין: העשייה הציונית ובניית הישוב היהודי [Bnei Binyamin: The Zionist Action and the Construction of the Jewish Settlement]. Azur: Tzameret. [Google Scholar]
- Katz, Yossi. 1988. Agricultural settlements in Palestine, 1882–1914. Jewish Social Studies 50: 63–82. [Google Scholar]
- King, Steven. 2004. ‘We Might Be Trusted’: Female Poor Law Guardians and the Development of the New Poor Law: The Case of Bolton, England, 1880–1906. International Review of Social History 49: 27–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacalle, Eugenia. 2019. De Facto and de Jure Annexation: A Relevant Distinction in International Law? Israel and Area C: A Case Study. Master’s thesis, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium. [Google Scholar]
- Langford, Rachel, and Russell West. 1999. Introduction: Diaries and Margins. In Marginal Voices, Marginal Forms: Diaries in European Literature and History. Edited by Rachel Langford and Russell West. Amsterdam: Brill Rodopi, pp. 6–21. [Google Scholar]
- Laskov, Shulamit. 1977. יוסף טרומפלדור—יומן גדוד נהגי הפרדות (אלכסנדריה 7.10.1916-24.2.19166) [תעודה] [Joseph Trumpeldor—Diary of a Battalion of Mule Corps (Alexandria 7.10.1916–24.2.1916) (Certificate)]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv 7: 203–32. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, Ziqian, Pei Yun, Liu Ying, and Zhang Bing. 2023. Reexamining the historical narrative of the “Civil War”—Unveiling bias and promoting diverse perspective. Insights in Social Sciences 1: 28–38. [Google Scholar]
- Loehr, Rodney C. 1938. Farmers’ Diaries: Their Interest and Value as Historical Resources. Agricultural History 12: 313–25. [Google Scholar]
- Markam, Nivi. n.d. מפרי עטו של ניבי מרקם [Writings of Nivi Markam]. Available online: https://anyflip.com/qvck/vbon (accessed on 4 June 2024).
- Meltzer, Yoram. 2000. כפר ויתקין: 70 שנים ראשונות [Kfar Vitkin: First 70 Years]. Kfar Vitkin: Kfar Vitkin. [Google Scholar]
- Michaeli, Ben-Zion. 1989. Herzliya: Its Beginnings and Development. Herzliya: Herzliya Municipality. [Google Scholar]
- Migdal-Klein-Bindiger, Shoshana. 2005. הרצליה—העשור הראשון: ייסודה, הקמתה ובנייתה תרפ”ה-תרצ”ה, 1934–1924 [Herzliya—The First Decade: Its Foundation, Establishment and Development 1924–1934]. Herzliya: Drive Productions. [Google Scholar]
- Naor, Mordechai. 1990. ספר ראשוני הרצליה: תרפ"ה-תרצ"ה 1934-1924 [Book of the First Settlers in Herzliya: 1924–1934]. Herzliya: Simon & Schuster. [Google Scholar]
- Oppenheim, Israel. 1990. The ideological background to the Hehaluts movement in russia and poland in the 1920s: Parallels and divergences. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 5: 131–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orren, Elhannan. 1987. יומן המלחמה של דוד בן-גוריון כמקור היסטורי למלחמת העצמאות [David Ben-Gurion’s War Diary as a Historical Source for the War of Independence]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv 43: 173–93. [Google Scholar]
- Pekelman, Henya M. 2007. חיי פועלת בארץ: אוטוביוגרפיה [Life of a Worker in Her Homeland: Autobiography]. Tel Aviv-Jaffa: DVIRDVIR. [Google Scholar]
- Porat, Yosef. 1989. הפיתוח החקלאי של האזורים השחונים בימי בית הורדוס—המשכיות או חידושים [The Development of the Arid Regions of Judea during Herod’s Reign]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv 53: 13–23. [Google Scholar]
- Pozis, Zvi. 1930. חשוב בשביל פרדסנים (מודעה) [Important for Orchardists (Ad)]. Haaretz, August 7. [Google Scholar]
- Ravelsky, Yitzchak. 1927. מסחר-החוץ של א”י [Foreign Trade of Eretz Israel]. Doar HaYom, February 24. [Google Scholar]
- Sadleir, John. 2016. Chasing Ned Kelly: A Policeman’s Working Diary for 1879: John Sadleir. Victorian Historical Journal 87: 157–62. Available online: https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.253481385222150 (accessed on 4 June 2024).
- Sandler, Bernard I. 1978. The Jews of America and the Resettlement of Palestine 1908–1934: Efforts and Achievements. Ph.D. dissertation, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. [Google Scholar]
- Seltenreich, Yair. 2004. Jewish or Arab hired workers? Inner tensions in a Jewish settlement in pre–state Israel. International Review of Social History 49: 225–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shapira, Anita. 1974. המאבקים למען עבודה עברית, 1939–1929 [The Struggles for Hebrew Labor, 1929–1939]. Ph.D. dissertation, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. [Google Scholar]
- Shapira, Anita. 2011. תש”ח בירושלים: יומנים, מכתבים והיסטוריה [1948 in Jerusalem: Diaries, Letters, and History]. Studies in the Rise of Israel 21: 220–57. [Google Scholar]
- Shapira, Anita. 2012. Israel: A History. Waltham: Brandeis University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Sherzer, Adi. 2019. מבצע קולומבוס: יומנו של מלח ממסע בן־גוריון בארצות הברית, 1951 [Operation ‘Columbus’: A Diary of a Sailor from Ben-Gurion’s Journey to the United States, 1951]. Israelis 9: 103–28. [Google Scholar]
- Strand, Katherine, Eric Arnould, and Melea Press. 2014. Tillage Practices and Identity Formation in High Plains Farming. Journal of Material Culture 19: 355–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Symes, Colin. 1999. Chronicles of labour: A discourse analysis of diaries. Time & Society 8: 357–80. [Google Scholar]
- Tamir, Nachman, ed. 1974. אנשי העליה השניה : פרקי זכרונות (כרך ב’) [People of the Second Aliyah: Memoirs (Volume 2)]. Haifa: General Organization of Workers in Eretz Israel. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, Maureen A. 2013. Family Photo Detective: Learn How to Find Genealogy Clues in Old Photos and Solve Family Photo Mysteries. Cincinnati: Family Tree Books. [Google Scholar]
- Telman, Naftali. 1995. המשק החקלאי במושבות הטמפלרים ותרומתו לקידום החקלאות בארץ-ישראל [The Agricultural Economy in the Templar Colonies and Its Contribution to the Promotion of Agriculture in the Land of Israel]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv 78: 65–81. [Google Scholar]
- Thor, Malin Tureby. 2022. Experiencing and remembering the Hachscharah: Documents and stories from and about the Hehalutz in Sweden. Quest: Issues in Contemporary Jewish History 21: 1–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilkensky, Meir. 1982. בימי העלייה [In Days of Aliyah]. Tel Aviv: Israel Defense Forces—Chief Education Officer Headquarters. [Google Scholar]
- Winder, Alex. 2012. The ‘Western Wall’ Riots of 1929: Religious Boundaries and Communal Violence. Journal of Palestine Studies 42: 6–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaakova, Meira, and Lavi Shai. 2004. יומנים מתקופת העלייה השלישית — היומן הקבוצתי של ‘אחוה’ ויומנו האישי של דב בלומברג [Third-Aliya Diaries—The Communal Diary of ‘Ahva’ and the Personal Diary of Dov Blumberg]. Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv 113: 143–84. [Google Scholar]
- Yona, Rona. 2012. A Kibbutz in the diaspora: The pioneer movement in Poland and the Klosova Kibbutz. Journal of Israeli History 31: 9–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zvi, B. Ben. 1931. מכתבים למערכת: על מחיר הלחם במסעדות [Letters to the Editor: About the Price of Bread in Restaurants]. Davar, February 6. [Google Scholar]
Month | Aaronson | Kadrinsky | Perlin | Pershitz | Rivkin | Weintel | Bobetelsky | Steinfeld | Kantarovitz | Pesman | De-Shalit | Friedman | Goldberg | Gissin | Soletz | Robinzon | Zvaldovsky | Leizer | Poliakov |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
April 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
May 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
June 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
July 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
August 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
September 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
October 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
November 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
December 1928 | |||||||||||||||||||
January 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
February 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
March 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
April 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
May 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
June 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
July 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
August 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
September 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
October 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
November 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
December 1929 | |||||||||||||||||||
January 1930 | |||||||||||||||||||
February 1930 | |||||||||||||||||||
March 1930 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hershkovitz, A. 15 December 1929, “Tying Trees at Robinzon’s”; 16 December 1929, “Unemployed”—A Work Diary (1928–1931) of a Jewish Agricultural Laborer in the Establishment of the Citrus Orchards in Eretz Israel. Genealogy 2024, 8, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030107
Hershkovitz A. 15 December 1929, “Tying Trees at Robinzon’s”; 16 December 1929, “Unemployed”—A Work Diary (1928–1931) of a Jewish Agricultural Laborer in the Establishment of the Citrus Orchards in Eretz Israel. Genealogy. 2024; 8(3):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030107
Chicago/Turabian StyleHershkovitz, Arnon. 2024. "15 December 1929, “Tying Trees at Robinzon’s”; 16 December 1929, “Unemployed”—A Work Diary (1928–1931) of a Jewish Agricultural Laborer in the Establishment of the Citrus Orchards in Eretz Israel" Genealogy 8, no. 3: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030107