Religious, Genetic, and Psychosocial Understandings of ‘The Sins of the Fathers’ and Their Implications for Family Historians
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Religion and Folklore
2.2. Genetics and Epigenetics
2.3. Psychosocial Influences
3. Discussion
Implications for Family Historians
4. Conclusions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | In other sections of the Bible, differing viewpoints are presented, for example, Deuteronomy 24:16 states ‘Parents are not to be put to death for their children, nor children put to death for their parents; each will die for their own sins’ (NIV). |
References
- Ainsworth, Mary D., and Silvia M. Bell. 1970. Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development 41: 49–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, David M. 2013. The Historical Backdrop of Family Dysfunction. Family Dysfunction and Mental Health Blog. Available online: http://davidmallenmd.blogspot.com/2013/06/the-historical-backdrop-of-family.html (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Archer, Jeffrey. 2012. The Sins of the Father. London: Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
- Banneyer, Kelly N., Sarah A. Koenig, Leah A.Wang, and Kevin D. Stark. 2017. A review of the effects of parental PTSD: A focus on military children. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice 6: 274–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beck, Matthias. 2007. Illness, disease and sin: The connection between genetics and spirituality. Christian Bioethics 13: 67–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bevilacqua, Laura, and David Goldman. 2013. Genetics of impulsive behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 368: 20120380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bifulco, Antonia. 2021. Family history and searching for hidden trauma—A personal commentary. Genealogy 5: 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohacek, Johannes, and Isabelle M. Mansuy. 2013. Epigenetic inheritance of disease and disease risk. Neuropsychopharmacology 38: 220–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bohanek, Jennifer, Kelly Marin, Robyn Fivush, and Marshall Duke. 2006. Family narrative interaction and children’s sense of self. Family Process 45: 39–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bowlby, John. 1969. Attachment and Loss. OKS Print. New York: Basic Books. [Google Scholar]
- Bowlby, John. 1982. Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 52: 664–78. [Google Scholar]
- Britannica. 2024. The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “sin”. Encyclopedia Britannica, March 8. Available online: https://www.britannica.com/topic/sin-religion (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Epigenetics, Health and Disease. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/genomics-and-health/about/epigenetic-impacts-on-health.html (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Clark, Anna. 2002. History in black and white: A critical analysis of the black armband debate. Journal of Australian Studies 26: 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coetze, John M. 1999. Disgrace. London: Secker & Warburg. [Google Scholar]
- Darby, Derrick, and Nylar R. Branscombe. 2004. Beyond the sins of the fathers: Responsibility for inequality. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 38: 121–37. [Google Scholar]
- Dias, Brian, and Kerry Ressler. 2014. Parental olfactory experience influences behavior and neural structure in subsequent generations. Nature Neuroscience 17: 89–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ducking Stool. 2024. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, April 20. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducking_stool (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Duff, Eamonn. 2011. Sins of the Father: The Untold Story Behind Shappelle Corby’s Ill-Fated Drug Run. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. [Google Scholar]
- Duke, Marshall, Amber Lazarus, and Robyn Fivush. 2008. Knowledge of family history as a clinically useful index of psychological well-being and prognosis: A brief report. Psychotherapy 45: 268–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elias, Alexa, and Adam D. Brown. 2022. The role of intergenerational family stories in mental health and wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology 13: 927795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- English Poor Laws. 2024. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, May 18. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Poor_Laws (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Fivush, Robyn, Jennifer Bohanek, and Widdad Zaman. 2011. Personal and intergenerational narratives in relation to adolescents’ well-being. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development 131: 45–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frisell, Thomas, Paul Lichtenstein, and Niklas Langstrom. 2011. Violent crime runs in families: A total population study of 12.5 million individuals. Psychological Medicine 41: 97–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Griffin, Emma. 2020. Bread Winner: An Intimate History of the Victorian Economy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Hartowicz, Sylvia Z. 2018. Bringing Intergenerational Trauma and Resilience to Consciousness: The Journey of Healing and Transformation for the Wounded Healer Exploring Ancestral Legacy. Ph.D. dissertation, California Institude of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA. [Google Scholar]
- Hatoum, Alexander S., Sarah M. C. Colbert, Emma C. Johnson, Spencer B. Huggett, Joseph D. Deak, Gita A. Pathak, Mariela V. Jennings, Sarah E. Paul, Nicole R. Karcher, Isabella Hansen, and et al. 2023. Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders. Nature Mental Health 1: 210–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Heath, John, and Ashley Barnwell. 2023. From the inside: Indigenous-settler reflections on the family uses of the Thomas Dick ‘Birrpai’ Photographic Collection 1910–1920. Life Writing 20: 163–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hebblethwaite, Shannon, and Joan Norris. 2011. Expressions of generativity through family leisure: Experiences of grandparents and adult grandchildren. Family Relations 60: 121–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holy Bible: New International Version. 1984. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House.
- Kessler, Ronald. 1996. The Sins of the Father. New York: Warner Books. [Google Scholar]
- Lashmar, Paul, and Jonathan Smith. 2023. My Forefathers Did Something Horribly Wrong’: British Slave Owners’ Family to Apologise and Pay Reparations. The Observer, February 5. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/04/british-slave-owners-family-apologise-reparations-trevelyans (accessed on 10 July 2024).
- Lenherr, Mariia. 2019. Collective trauma and mystic dreams in Zabuzhko’s “The Museum of Abandoned Secrets”. Genealogy 3: 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levitt, Mairi. 2013. Genes, environment and responsibility for violent behaviour: “Whatever genes one has it is preferable that you are prevented from going around stabbing people”. New Genetics and Society 32: 4–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levitt, Mairi. 2014. Crime genes. The Biologist, June 5. Available online: https://www.rsb.org.uk/biologist-features/crime-genes (accessed on 2 May 2024).
- Maddison, Sarah. 2012. Postcolonial guilt and national identity: Historical injustice and the Australian settler state. Social Identities 18: 695–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merrill, Natalie, and Robyn Fivush. 2016. Intergenerational narratives and identity across development. Developmental Review 40: 72–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, Susan M. 2023a. Ethical dilemmas and family history: A psychological approach. Genealogy 7: 67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, Susan M. 2023b. Family history research and distressing emotions. Genealogy 7: 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, Susan M., Doreen A. Rosenthal, and Rebecca J. Robinson. 2021. The Psychology of Family History: Exploring our Genealogy. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Myers, Robert, and Selim R. Benbadis. 2018. Bringing Epilepsy Out of the Dark Ages: Diagnosis before EEG. Epilepsy Foundation (US). Available online: https://www.epilepsy.com/stories/bringing-epilepsy-out-dark-ages-diagnosis-eeg (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Nicolaou, Nicos, and Scott Shane. 2020. Common genetic effects on risk-taking preferences and choices. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 59: 261–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicolson, Paula. 2017. Genealogy, Psychology and Identity: Tales from a Family Tree. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Norris, Joan E., Stephanie Kuiack, and Michael W. Pratt. 2004. “As Long as They Go Back Down the Driveway at the End of the Day”: Stories of the Satisfactions and Challenges of Grandparenthood. In Family Stories and the Life Course: Across Time and Generations. Edited by Michael W. Pratt and Barbara H. Fiese. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp. 353–73. [Google Scholar]
- Ore, Adeshola. 2024. Descendant of Victorian Colonial Family Calls for Removal of Monuments to her Ancestors. The Guardian, March 28. Available online: https://apple.news/AOZE_fsmhRV6qi3ZjLiIOew (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Parker-Drabble, Helen. 2022. How key psychological theories can enrich our understanding of our ancestors and help improve mental health for present and future generations: A family historian’s perspective. Genealogy 6: 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paul, Satashree. 2020. The Criminal Behavior of Genes. Science Repository, November 19. Available online: https://www.sciencerepository.org/the-criminal-behavior-of-genes (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- Pettigrove, Glen. 2003. Apology, reparations and the question of inherited guilt. Public Affairs Quarterly 17: 319–48. [Google Scholar]
- Robinson, Rebecca. 2021. Pilgrimage and purpose: Ancestor research as sacred practice in a secular age. Genealogy 5: 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roseboom, Tessa. 2019. Epidemiological evidence for the developmental origins of health and disease: Effects of prenatal undernutrition in humans. Journal of Endocrinology 242: T135–T144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russell, Mark C., Sue Nicholson Butkus, and Charles R. Figley. 2016. Is it time for a Behavioral Health Corps? Ending the generational cycle of preventable wartime mental health crises—Part 2. Psychological Injury and Law 9: 73–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, Richard. 2021. A tale of two stories: Unsettling a settler family’s history in Aotearoa New Zealand. Genealogy 5: 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, Richard. 2022. The migratory pathways of labourers and legislation: From Érin to Aotearoa. Genealogy 6: 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sleeter, Christine. 2020. Critical family history: An introduction. Genealogy 4: 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sohrabi, Sadaf. 2015. The criminal gene: The link between MAOA and aggression (REVIEW). BMC Proceedings 9 Suppl. S1: A49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solas, John. 2018. Deserving to deserve: Challenging discrimination between the deserving and undeserving in Social Work. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics 15: 62–70. [Google Scholar]
- Tombs, Robert. 2024. The wages of sin. The Spectator, April 27, 14–15. Available online: www.spectator.co.uk (accessed on 1 May 2024).
- United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation. 2019. A/74/321-EN. In Report of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racial Intolerance. Available online: https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-racism (accessed on 1 June 2024).
- Vaughn, Michael G., Christopher P. Salas-Wright, Matt DeLisi, and Zhengmin Qian. 2014. The antisocial family tree: Family histories of behavior problems in antisocial personality in the United States. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 50: 821–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zatz, Noah D. 2012. Poverty unmodified?: Critical reflections on the deserving/undeserving distinction. UCLA Law Review 59: 550–97. [Google Scholar]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Moore, S.M. Religious, Genetic, and Psychosocial Understandings of ‘The Sins of the Fathers’ and Their Implications for Family Historians. Genealogy 2024, 8, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030109
Moore SM. Religious, Genetic, and Psychosocial Understandings of ‘The Sins of the Fathers’ and Their Implications for Family Historians. Genealogy. 2024; 8(3):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030109
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoore, Susan M. 2024. "Religious, Genetic, and Psychosocial Understandings of ‘The Sins of the Fathers’ and Their Implications for Family Historians" Genealogy 8, no. 3: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030109