A Novel and Reliable Pixel Response Correction Method (DAC-Shifting) for Spectral Photon-Counting CT Imaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Image Post-Processing (DAC-Shifting)
2.3. Phantom Imaging
2.4. Image Reconstruction
2.5. Statistics
2.6. Spectral K-Edge Experiment with an Iodine Solution
- Tube voltage = 90 kVp;
- Tube current = 89 A;
- DSO (distance source object distance) = 123.0 mm;
- DSD (distance source detector) = 163.0 mm;
- Projections = 720;
- Rotation angle = 360°
- Reconstructed voxel size = 0.0415 mm3.
3. Results
3.1. Out-of-the-Box Imaging
3.2. Effectiveness Scores
3.3. Stc-D Beam Hardening Correction and Detector Motion
3.4. Stc-P Beam Hardening and Pixel Response Correction
3.5. DAC-Shifting
3.6. Reconstruction Methods
3.7. Optimal Settings
3.8. Evaluation of DAC-Shifting Iodine K-Edge Imaging
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acquisition Number | Threshold 0 (keV) | Threshold 1 (keV) | Exposure Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 2.08 |
2 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 2.88 |
3 | 14.0 | 17.0 | 4.48 |
4 | 20.0 | 25.0 | 9.60 |
5 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 9.60 |
Measurement Number | Date | Manufacturer | Motion | Days from STC Calibration | Dataset Name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 29 November 2023 | ASI | No | −22 | ASI-1 |
2 | Yes | ||||
3 | 30 November 2023 | ADVACAM | No | −21 | ADVACAM-1 |
4 | Yes | ||||
5 | 19 December 2023 | ASI | No | −1 | ASI-2 |
6 | Yes | ||||
7 | 23 December 2023 | ASI | Yes | +3 | ASI-3 |
8 | 24 December 2023 | No | +4 |
Acquisition Number | Threshold 0 (keV) | Threshold 1 (keV) | Exposure Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 19.5 | 21.5 | 1.10 |
2 | 24.0 | 26.0 | 1.66 |
3 | 28.0 | 30.0 | 3.04 |
4 | 31.0 | 32.0 | 4.00 |
5 | 33.0 | 35.0 | 5.10 |
6 | 35.0 | 37.0 | 6.04 |
7 | 37.0 | 39.0 | 7.44 |
8 | 40.5 | 42.5 | 10.0 |
9 | 42.5 | 44.5 | 10.0 |
Datasets | STC-D | Detector Motion | STC-P | DAC-Shifting | Reconstruction Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASI-1 | −4.6 (−7.9: +3.4) p = 0.97 | −7.8 (−11.3: −2.7) p = 0.22 | −10.0 (−17.8: −2.5) p = 0.41 | −40.7 (−46.1: −36.9) p = 0.001 | −60.7 (−64.9: −56.8) p < 0.001 |
ASI-2 | −3.6 (−6.3: +4.3) p = 0.67 | −7.0 (−11.0: −1.8) p < 0.001 | −37.8 (−43.2: −31.3) p < 0.001 | −50.0 (−53.3: −48.6) p < 0.001 | −62.3 (−65.7: −59.6) p < 0.001 |
ASI-3 | −2.7 (−4.5: +5.6) p = 0.48 | −14.1 (−23.3: −6.4) p < 0.001 | −43.7 (−47.4: −40.0) p < 0.001 | −55.6 (−58.8: −53.6) p < 0.001 | −63.3 (−66.7: −59.9) p < 0.001 |
ADVACAM-1 | −6.2 (−10.7: +2.1) p < 0.78 | −5.3 (−7.4: −2.6) p = 0.08 | +45.5 (+39.2: +52.3) p = 0.04 | −40.3 (−45.2: −37.3) p = 0.002 | −60.6 (−63.7: −58.8) p < 0.001 |
Combined | −4.2 (−7.4: +3.6) p = 0.83 | −8.7 (−13.0: −1.5) p < 0.001 | −13.7 (−16.6: −10.4) p < 0.001 | −47.4 (−51.1: −46.3) p < 0.001 | −61.6 (−66.0: −59.1) p < 0.001 |
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Bal, N.J.S.; Chitra Ragupathy, I.; Tramm, T.; Nijkamp, J. A Novel and Reliable Pixel Response Correction Method (DAC-Shifting) for Spectral Photon-Counting CT Imaging. Tomography 2024, 10, 1168-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography10070089
Bal NJS, Chitra Ragupathy I, Tramm T, Nijkamp J. A Novel and Reliable Pixel Response Correction Method (DAC-Shifting) for Spectral Photon-Counting CT Imaging. Tomography. 2024; 10(7):1168-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography10070089
Chicago/Turabian StyleBal, Navrit Johan Singh, Imaiyan Chitra Ragupathy, Trine Tramm, and Jasper Nijkamp. 2024. "A Novel and Reliable Pixel Response Correction Method (DAC-Shifting) for Spectral Photon-Counting CT Imaging" Tomography 10, no. 7: 1168-1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography10070089