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Volume 11
Issue 7
10.3390/biomedicines11071942
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Review

Biomechanics of Chondrocytes and Chondrons in Healthy Conditions and Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Mechanical Characterisations at the Microscale

by
Sofia Pettenuzzo
1,†,
Alessandro Arduino
1,†,
Elisa Belluzzi
2,3,*,
Assunta Pozzuoli
2,3,*,
Chiara Giulia Fontanella
4,
Pietro Ruggieri
3,
Valentina Salomoni
1,5,
Carmelo Majorana
1 and
Alice Berardo
1,6
1
Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
2
Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
3
Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), 35128 Padova, Italy
4
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
5
Department of Management and Engineering (DTG), Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
6
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Biomedicines 2023, 11(7), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071942
Submission received: 29 May 2023 / Revised: 5 July 2023 / Accepted: 6 July 2023 / Published: 8 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Diseases: From Molecular Basis to Therapy)
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Abstract

Biomechanical studies are expanding across a variety of fields, from biomedicine to biomedical engineering. From the molecular to the system level, mechanical stimuli are crucial regulators of the development of organs and tissues, their growth and related processes such as remodelling, regeneration or disease. When dealing with cell mechanics, various experimental techniques have been developed to analyse the passive response of cells; however, cell variability and the extraction process, complex experimental procedures and different models and assumptions may affect the resulting mechanical properties. For these purposes, this review was aimed at collecting the available literature focused on experimental chondrocyte and chondron biomechanics with direct connection to their biochemical functions and activities, in order to point out important information regarding the planning of an experimental test or a comparison with the available results. In particular, this review highlighted (i) the most common experimental techniques used, (ii) the results and models adopted by different authors, (iii) a critical perspective on features that could affect the results and finally (iv) the quantification of structural and mechanical changes due to a degenerative pathology such as osteoarthritis.
Keywords: chondrocyte; chondron; biomechanics; biomechanical behaviour; cartilage; osteoarthritis chondrocyte; chondron; biomechanics; biomechanical behaviour; cartilage; osteoarthritis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pettenuzzo, S.; Arduino, A.; Belluzzi, E.; Pozzuoli, A.; Fontanella, C.G.; Ruggieri, P.; Salomoni, V.; Majorana, C.; Berardo, A. Biomechanics of Chondrocytes and Chondrons in Healthy Conditions and Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Mechanical Characterisations at the Microscale. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071942

AMA Style

Pettenuzzo S, Arduino A, Belluzzi E, Pozzuoli A, Fontanella CG, Ruggieri P, Salomoni V, Majorana C, Berardo A. Biomechanics of Chondrocytes and Chondrons in Healthy Conditions and Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Mechanical Characterisations at the Microscale. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(7):1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071942

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pettenuzzo, Sofia, Alessandro Arduino, Elisa Belluzzi, Assunta Pozzuoli, Chiara Giulia Fontanella, Pietro Ruggieri, Valentina Salomoni, Carmelo Majorana, and Alice Berardo. 2023. "Biomechanics of Chondrocytes and Chondrons in Healthy Conditions and Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Mechanical Characterisations at the Microscale" Biomedicines 11, no. 7: 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071942

APA Style

Pettenuzzo, S., Arduino, A., Belluzzi, E., Pozzuoli, A., Fontanella, C. G., Ruggieri, P., Salomoni, V., Majorana, C., & Berardo, A. (2023). Biomechanics of Chondrocytes and Chondrons in Healthy Conditions and Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Mechanical Characterisations at the Microscale. Biomedicines, 11(7), 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071942

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