Next Article in Journal
Different Diets Based on Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)—Part A: Facing the Decrease in Omega−3 Fatty Acids in Fillets of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Previous Article in Journal
Different Diets Based on Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)—Part B: Modification of the Intestinal Inflammatory Response and the Microbiota Composition of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Fishes
Volume 8
Issue 6
10.3390/fishes8060285
fishes-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective †

by
Sara Calabrese
1,2,3,‡,
Albert K. D. Imsland
2,4,*,
Tom Ole Nilsen
2,
Jelena Kolarevic
5,6,
Lars O. E. Ebbesson
7,
Camilla Diesen Hosfeld
8,
Sveinung Fivelstad
8,
Cindy Pedrosa
2,
Bendik Fyhn Terjesen
5,9,10,
Sigurd O. Stefansson
2,
Harald Takle
5,9,
Harald Sveier
11,
Frode Mathisen
12 and
Sigurd O. Handeland
2,8
1
Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Thormøhlens Gate 53D, 5006 Bergen, Norway
2
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
3
MOWI ASA, 5835 Bergen, Norway
4
Akvaplan-niva, Iceland Office, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland
5
Nofima, Sjølseng, 6600 Sunndalsøra, Norway
6
Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
7
Uni Research AS, 5020 Bergen, Norway
8
Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences (HVL), 5020 Bergen, Norway
9
Cermaq Group AS, 0191 Oslo, Norway
10
Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway
11
Lerøy Seafood Group ASA, 5020 Bergen, Norway
12
Grieg Seafood, 5804 Bergen, Norway
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This article is dedicated to the memory of our good colleague, Frode Mathisen.
‡
This work was part of the Doctoral thesis of Sara Calabrese. The Research Council of Norway’s Industry Ph.D. program (no. 229957) at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Fishes 2023, 8(6), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285
Submission received: 27 April 2023 / Revised: 19 May 2023 / Accepted: 25 May 2023 / Published: 26 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Aquaculture)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish−1 min−1. All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m−3. Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO2 was reflected in the blood with increased pCO2, HCO3−, and decreased Cl− in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1. However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish−1 min−1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures.
Keywords: fish welfare; closed-containment aquaculture systems; water quality; specific water flow fish welfare; closed-containment aquaculture systems; water quality; specific water flow

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Calabrese, S.; Imsland, A.K.D.; Nilsen, T.O.; Kolarevic, J.; Ebbesson, L.O.E.; Hosfeld, C.D.; Fivelstad, S.; Pedrosa, C.; Terjesen, B.F.; Stefansson, S.O.; et al. Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective. Fishes 2023, 8, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285

AMA Style

Calabrese S, Imsland AKD, Nilsen TO, Kolarevic J, Ebbesson LOE, Hosfeld CD, Fivelstad S, Pedrosa C, Terjesen BF, Stefansson SO, et al. Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective. Fishes. 2023; 8(6):285. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285

Chicago/Turabian Style

Calabrese, Sara, Albert K. D. Imsland, Tom Ole Nilsen, Jelena Kolarevic, Lars O. E. Ebbesson, Camilla Diesen Hosfeld, Sveinung Fivelstad, Cindy Pedrosa, Bendik Fyhn Terjesen, Sigurd O. Stefansson, and et al. 2023. "Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective" Fishes 8, no. 6: 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285

APA Style

Calabrese, S., Imsland, A. K. D., Nilsen, T. O., Kolarevic, J., Ebbesson, L. O. E., Hosfeld, C. D., Fivelstad, S., Pedrosa, C., Terjesen, B. F., Stefansson, S. O., Takle, H., Sveier, H., Mathisen, F., & Handeland, S. O. (2023). Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective. Fishes, 8(6), 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8060285

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop