Relationship between Dynamic Balance and Physical Characteristics and Functions in Elite Lifesaving Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Design
2.2. Ultrasound Imaging
2.3. Ankle Isometric Muscle Strength Testing
2.4. Toe Grasp Force Measurement
2.5. Superficial Sensory Measurements
2.6. Dynamic Balance Measurement
2.7. Surface Muscle Activity Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Ultrasound Imaging
3.3. Ankle Isometric Muscle Strength Measurements
3.4. Toe Grasp Strength
3.5. Plantar Superficial Sensation
3.6. Muscle Activity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Lifesavers |
---|---|
(N = 15; 12 Males, 3 Females) | |
Mean (SD) | |
Age (years) | 24.5 (5.4) |
Height (cm) | 169 (7.1) |
Weight (kg) | 66.1 (11.4) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23 (2.5) |
Performance Indicators | Mean ± Standard Deviation (N = 15) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional area (cm2) | Abductor hallucis (ABH) | 3.16 | 0.65 |
Adductor digiti minimi (ADD) | 1.58 | 0.44 | |
Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) | 2.61 | 0.7 | |
Flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) | 2.52 | 0.7 | |
Tibialis anterior (TA) | 6.88 | 1.3 | |
Peroneal longus and brevis (PL) | 4.94 | 1.14 | |
Posterior tibialis (PT) | 5.32 | 1.03 | |
Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) | 3.72 | 0.89 | |
Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) | 2.75 | 0.9 | |
Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) | 2.83 | 0.64 | |
Muscle strength (N/kg) | Dorsiflexion | 3.88 | 1.15 |
Planter flexion | 2.45 | 0.56 | |
Eversion | 2.31 | 0.61 | |
Toe grasp strength | % BW | 47.4 | 14.4 |
Plantar superficial sensation (Filament size) | (1) Base of the 5th toe | 3.42 | 0.66 |
(2) Base of the 3rd toe | 3.44 | 0.59 | |
(3) Base of the 1st toe | 3.64 | 0.56 | |
(4) The 5th metatarsal joint | 3.71 | 0.36 | |
(5) The 3rd metatarsal joint | 3.65 | 0.44 | |
(6) The 1st metatarsal joint | 3.58 | 0.47 | |
(7) Base side of the 5th metatarsal base | 3.70 | 0.52 | |
(8) Base side of the navicular bone | 3.42 | 0.50 | |
(9) Base in the center of the heel | 4.17 | 0.66 | |
Y-balance test (cm) | Reach distance (anterior) | 65.3 | 4.2 |
Reach distance (posteromedial) | 112.4 | 6.5 | |
Reach distance (posterolateral) | 110.4 | 6.3 | |
Composite | 96.0 | 4.9 |
Mean ± Standard Deviation (N = 15) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Y-balance test (cm) | Reach distance (anterior) | 65.3 | 4.2 |
Electromyography (% MVC) | ABH | 50.2 | 20.3 |
ADD | 33.8 | 39.6 | |
TA | 40.7 | 16.9 | |
PL | 38.4 | 18.4 | |
PB | 32.0 | 12.0 | |
MG | 11.6 | 8.3 | |
SOL | 52.8 | 33.5 | |
Reach distance (posteromedial) | 112.4 | 6.5 | |
ABH | 45.4 | 20.9 | |
ADD | 26.1 | 25.3 | |
TA | 45.3 | 15.0 | |
PL | 41.3 | 16.2 | |
PB | 33.3 | 10.9 | |
MG | 9.9 | 7.6 | |
SOL | 47.8 | 36.0 | |
Reach distance (posterolateral) | 110.4 | 6.3 | |
ABH | 31.8 | 13.3 | |
ADD | 29.8 | 21.1 | |
TA | 46.9 | 11.0 | |
PL | 36.6 | 15.3 | |
PB | 28.4 | 10.0 | |
MG | 9.8 | 8.2 | |
SOL | 52.8 | 32.6 |
Y-Balance Test | Reach Distance | Anterior | Posteromedial | Posterolateral | Composite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | ||
Cross-sectional area (muscles) | Abductor hallucis (ABH) | −0.085 | 0.762 | 0.246 | 0.377 | 0.206 | 0.461 | 0.174 | 0.535 |
Adductor digiti minimi (ADD) | −0.006 | 0.983 | 0.311 | 0.259 | 0.148 | 0.599 | 0.201 | 0.474 | |
Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) | 0.140 | 0.618 | −0.006 | 0.984 | −0.006 | 0.983 | 0.035 | 0.902 | |
Flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) | 0.184 | 0.512 | −0.033 | 0.907 | −0.163 | 0.563 | −0.032 | 0.909 | |
Tibialis anterior (TA) | 0.064 | 0.821 | −0.243 | 0.384 | −0.302 | 0.274 | −0.22 | 0.432 | |
Peroneal longus and brevis (PL) | 0.068 | 0.81 | −0.139 | 0.621 | −0.359 | 0.188 | −0.197 | 0.481 | |
Posterior tibialis (PT) | −0.032 | 0.908 | −0.251 | 0.366 | −0.351 | 0.2 | −0.272 | 0.327 | |
Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) | 0.089 | 0.752 | −0.322 | 0.242 | −0.455 | 0.089 | −0.313 | 0.255 | |
Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) | 0.06 | 0.831 | 0.244 | 0.382 | 0.133 | 0.636 | 0.183 | 0.514 | |
Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) | 0.069 | 0.806 | −0.021 | 0.94 | −0.007 | 0.979 | 0.007 | 0.98 | |
Muscle strength | Dorsiflexion | 0.438 | 0.103 | 0.428 | 0.112 | 0.443 | 0.098 | 0.505 | 0.055 |
Planter flexion | 0.276 | 0.319 | 0.572 * | 0.026 | 0.695 * | 0.004 | 0.632 * | 0.012 | |
Eversion | −0.051 | 0.857 | 0.097 | 0.731 | −0.038 | 0.892 | 0.012 | 0.965 | |
Toe grasp strength | % BW | 0.501 | 0.057 | 0.579 * | 0.024 | 0.588 * | 0.021 | 0.652 * | 0.008 |
Plantar superficial sensation | (1) Base of the 5th toe | 0.083 | 0.769 | −0.16 | 0.569 | −0.193 | 0.49 | −0.131 | 0.642 |
(2) Base of the 3rd toe | −0.036 | 0.9 | −0.108 | 0.702 | −0.162 | 0.564 | −0.128 | 0.65 | |
(3) Base of the 1st toe | −0.164 | 0.56 | −0.375 | 0.168 | −0.331 | 0.228 | −0.356 | 0.193 | |
(4) The 5th metatarsal joint | −0.474 | 0.075 | −0.607 * | 0.016 | −0.47 | 0.077 | −0.607 * | 0.016 | |
(5) The 3rd metatarsal joint | −0.522 * | 0.046 | −0.431 | 0.109 | −0.262 | 0.346 | −0.452 | 0.091 | |
(6) The 1st metatarsal joint | −0.409 | 0.131 | −0.552 * | 0.033 | −0.511 | 0.051 | −0.581 * | 0.023 | |
(7) Base side of the 5th metatarsal base | −0.265 | 0.341 | −0.219 | 0.433 | −0.186 | 0.508 | −0.252 | 0.365 | |
(8) Base side of the navicular bone | −0.18 | 0.521 | −0.277 | 0.317 | −0.285 | 0.303 | −0.297 | 0.282 | |
(9) Base in the center of the heel | −0.297 | 0.282 | −0.495 | 0.061 | −0.449 | 0.093 | −0.498 | 0.059 | |
Electromyography | Abductor hallucis (ABH) | 0.07 | 0.805 | −0.224 | 0.422 | −0.515 * | 0.05 | ||
Adductor digiti minimi (ADD) | 0.150 | 0.593 | −0.145 | 0.607 | −0.041 | 0.884 | |||
Tibialis anterior (TA) | 0.143 | 0.611 | 0.257 | 0.355 | 0.253 | 0.363 | |||
Peroneal longus (PL) | −0.233 | 0.404 | 0.075 | 0.791 | −0.065 | 0.817 | |||
Peroneal brevis (PB) | −0.214 | 0.444 | 0.117 | 0.678 | 0.127 | 0.652 | |||
Medial gastrocnemius (MG) | 0.075 | 0.79 | 0.47 | 0.077 | 0.195 | 0.487 | |||
Soleus (SOL) | 0.046 | 0.869 | −0.116 | 0.681 | −0.195 | 0.487 |
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Ichikawa, S.; Kumai, T.; Akiyama, Y.; Okunuki, T.; Maemichi, T.; Matsumoto, M.; Liu, Z.; Yamaguchi, R.; Mitsui, H.; Suzuki, K.; et al. Relationship between Dynamic Balance and Physical Characteristics and Functions in Elite Lifesaving Athletes. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030134
Ichikawa S, Kumai T, Akiyama Y, Okunuki T, Maemichi T, Matsumoto M, Liu Z, Yamaguchi R, Mitsui H, Suzuki K, et al. Relationship between Dynamic Balance and Physical Characteristics and Functions in Elite Lifesaving Athletes. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2024; 9(3):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030134
Chicago/Turabian StyleIchikawa, Shota, Tsukasa Kumai, Yui Akiyama, Takumi Okunuki, Toshihiro Maemichi, Masatomo Matsumoto, Zijian Liu, Ryusei Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Mitsui, Kai Suzuki, and et al. 2024. "Relationship between Dynamic Balance and Physical Characteristics and Functions in Elite Lifesaving Athletes" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, no. 3: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030134