Journal Description
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on functional morphology and kinesiology research dealing with the analysis of structure, function, development, evolution of cells and tissues of the musculoskeletal system and the whole body, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Sport Sciences) / CiteScore - Q2 (Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
Effects of Muscular Fatigue on Position Sense in Two Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030115 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024
Abstract
It is generally accepted that local muscular fatigue can negatively affect position sense. Interestingly, it has been proposed that in women, position sense and neuromuscular coordination may be affected by fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone levels. The aim of this study was to
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It is generally accepted that local muscular fatigue can negatively affect position sense. Interestingly, it has been proposed that in women, position sense and neuromuscular coordination may be affected by fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone levels. The aim of this study was to examine the possible effect of localized muscle fatigue on knee joint position sense at two phases of the menses: follicular and luteal. Twenty physically active females aged 19–30 years, with normal menses, volunteered for this study. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate proprioception and perform the fatigue protocol of the knee extensors and flexors. Knee proprioception at rest and after fatigue at three knee target angles (30°, 45°, 60°) was measured. A three-way ANOVA analysis with repeated measures was performed. The results showed that the main effect of fatigue was significant, but no main effect of the menstrual cycle phase was found. Additionally, a main effect was found for the target angle (more flexed target knee joint angles were associated with larger angular error deviations). In conclusion, localized muscle fatigue can significantly reduce the accuracy of active knee joint repositioning in both the luteal and the follicular menstrual phases in young, physically active healthy women.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Evaluation for Health and Occupational Wellness: Current Trends and Future Directions)
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Open AccessArticle
Data Mining Paths for Standard Weekly Training Load in Sub-Elite Young Football Players: A Machine Learning Approach
by
José E. Teixeira, Samuel Encarnação, Luís Branquinho, Ryland Morgans, Pedro Afonso, João Rocha, Francisco Graça, Tiago M. Barbosa, António M. Monteiro, Ricardo Ferraz and Pedro Forte
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030114 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test a machine learning (ML) model to predict high-intensity actions and body impacts during youth football training. Sixty under-15, -17, and -19 sub-elite Portuguese football players were monitored over a 6-week period. External training load data
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The aim of this study was to test a machine learning (ML) model to predict high-intensity actions and body impacts during youth football training. Sixty under-15, -17, and -19 sub-elite Portuguese football players were monitored over a 6-week period. External training load data were collected from the target variables of accelerations (ACCs), decelerations (DECs), and dynamic stress load (DSL) using an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS). Additionally, we monitored the perceived exertion and biological characteristics using total quality recovery (TQR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), session RPE (sRPE), chronological age, maturation offset (MO), and age at peak height velocity (APHV). The ML model was computed by a feature selection process with a linear regression forecast and bootstrap method. The predictive analysis revealed that the players’ MO demonstrated varying degrees of effectiveness in predicting their DEC and ACC across different ranges of IQR. After predictive analysis, the following performance values were observed: DEC ( predicted = 41, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 36.6, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), and upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 46 decelerations, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0). The player’s MO also demonstrated the ability to predict their upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 51, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 40, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), and ACC ( predicted = 46 accelerations, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62). The ML model showed poor performance in predicting the players’ ACC and DEC using MO (MSE = 2.47–4.76; RMSE = 1.57–2.18: R2 = −0.78–0.02). Maturational concerns are prevalent in football performance and should be regularly checked, as the current ML model treated MO as the sole variable for ACC, DEC, and DSL. Applying ML models to assess automated tracking data can be an effective strategy, particularly in the context of forecasting peak ACC, DEC, and bodily effects in sub-elite youth football training.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Machine Learning in Sports Medicine, Physical Activity, Posture, and Rehabilitation)
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Open AccessArticle
Practical but Inaccurate? A-Mode Ultrasound and Bioelectrical Impedance Underestimate Body Fat Percentage Compared to Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in Male College Students
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Markus Olinto, Victor César Lins, Gabriel Rocha, Marco Aurélio Dourado and Maurilio Dutra
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030113 - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and ultrasound (US) have become popular for estimating body fat percentage (BF%) due to their low cost and clinical convenience. However, the agreement of these devices with the gold-standard method still requires investigation. The aim was to analyze the agreement
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Bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and ultrasound (US) have become popular for estimating body fat percentage (BF%) due to their low cost and clinical convenience. However, the agreement of these devices with the gold-standard method still requires investigation. The aim was to analyze the agreement between a gold-standard %BF assessment method with BIA and US devices. Twenty-three men (aged 30.1 ± 7.7 years, weighing 82.5 ± 14.9 kg, 1.77 ± 0.05 m tall) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), BIA (tetrapolar) and US (three-site method) %BF assessments. Pearson and concordance correlations were analyzed. A T-test was used to compare the means of the methods, and Bland–Altman plots analyzed agreement and proportional bias. Alpha was set at <0.05. The Pearson coefficients of BIA and US with DXA were high (BIA = 0.94; US = 0.89; both p < 0.001). The concordance coefficient was high for BIA (0.80) and moderate for US (0.49). The BF% measured by BIA (24.5 ± 7.5) and US (19.4 ± 7.0) was on average 4.4% and 9.6% lower than DXA (29.0 + 8.5%), respectively (p < 0.001). Lower and upper agreement limits between DXA and BIA were −1.45 and 10.31, while between DXA and US, they were 2.01 and 17.14, respectively. There was a tendency of both BIA (p = 0.09) and US (p = 0.057) to present proportional bias and underestimate BF%. Despite the correlation, the mean differences between the methods were significant, and the agreement limits were very wide. This indicates that BIA and US, as measured in this study, have limited potential to accurately measure %BF compared to DXA, especially in individuals with higher body fat.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)
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Open AccessArticle
The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Cognitive and Physical Skills in Basketball and Soccer Players
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Sehrish Shiraz, Chiara Salimei, Maurizio Aracri, Carlo Di Lorenzo, Pasquale Farsetti, Attilio Parisi, Ferdinando Iellamo, Giuseppe Caminiti and Marco Alfonso Perrone
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030112 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
As athletes pursue excellence, training techniques continue to advance, making structured physical activity an essential tool for enhancing performance. To optimize athletic performance in modern competitive sports, the balance of physical performance and mental clarity is required. This study seeks to examine the
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As athletes pursue excellence, training techniques continue to advance, making structured physical activity an essential tool for enhancing performance. To optimize athletic performance in modern competitive sports, the balance of physical performance and mental clarity is required. This study seeks to examine the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on cognitive and physical skills in basketball and soccer players. A 3-week HIIT protocol was incorporated based on the Wingate technique. This study included 10 soccer players and 10 basketball players with an average age of 22.79 ± 1.90 years. Participants performed pre- and post-intervention assessments. Physical proficiency was assessed using 20 m sprint, change-of-direction (COD) and dribbling tests, while cognitive skills were assessed using motion object tracking (MOT), working memory, perceptual load (PL), and attention window (AW) tests. The HIIT intervention significantly improved cognitive performance in particular; noteworthy observations were a 15% improvement in motion object tracking test scores and a 16% increase in working memory test scores for basketball players. The attention window test scores showed a 32% increase, and perceptual load test scores were 31% decreased for soccer players post-intervention. There were significant improvements in physical skills; for example, sprint times were decreased by 6%, and change-of-direction and dribbling times were reduced by 8% and 7%, respectively, indicating improved agility, speed, and ball control abilities. In conclusion, both groups performed significantly better on cognitive and physical skill tests post-HIIT intervention.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physiology of Training)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of 34 Weeks of Military Service on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Military Cadets of Angola
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Manuel Coge, Henrique Pereira Neiva, Ana Pereira, Luís Faíl, Bruno Ribeiro and Dulce Esteves
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030111 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Military personnel need physical fitness to effectively carry out operational military activities within their specific field of operation. This research investigates the effects of a 34-week training program on Angolan cadets’ body composition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Seventy-four volunteer recruits, aged 18
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Military personnel need physical fitness to effectively carry out operational military activities within their specific field of operation. This research investigates the effects of a 34-week training program on Angolan cadets’ body composition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Seventy-four volunteer recruits, aged 18 to 26 years, were monitored during their eight-month military service, following an exercise program protocol comprising 12 weeks of strength training followed by 24 weeks of endurance training. Anthropometric variables, including body mass, body mass index, and fat mass, were assessed, along with cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), sprint performance, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, push-ups, and curl-ups. The physical training protocol encompassed running sessions, strength exercises, agility drills, and flexibility exercises. The initial assessment revealed gender differences in various parameters such as body mass, body fat percentage, VO2max, sprinting, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, and push-ups. Following the training program, changes were observed in all variables (effect size between 0.48 and 2.33, p < 0.01) for the participants. Significant interactions (sex × time) were found in body mass (F = 5.18, p = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.06), body fat percentage (F = 5.31, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.14), and medicine ball throw (F = 10.84, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.13). Specifically, males exhibited a greater reduction in body mass (females: 2.70%, males: 3.47%, p < 0.05) and a substantial improvement in ball throwing performance (females: 7.74%, males: 11.47%, p < 0.01), while females experienced a greater reduction in fat mass (females: 5.34%, males: 3.15%, p < 0.01). The physical training regimen effectively influenced body composition, particularly in enhancing strength performance among males. The integration of exercise programs with military service led to a notable reduction in fat tissue and an increase in lean tissue. Hence, the development of tailored training protocols is imperative to enhance the physical capacity and overall health of military recruits, considering sex-specific characteristics and physical attributes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement)
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Open AccessArticle
Post-Arthroplasty Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients with Hip Osteoarthritis or Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: An Observational Study
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Sophia Stasi, Georgios Papagiannis, Athanasios Triantafyllou, Panayiotis Papagelopoulos and Panagiotis Koulouvaris
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030110 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a preferred treatment for primary osteoarthritis (OA) or secondary degenerative arthropathy due to developmental hip dysplasia (DDH). Gait analysis is considered a gold standard for evaluating post-arthroplasty walking patterns. This study compared post-THA spatiotemporal gait parameters (SGPs) between
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Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a preferred treatment for primary osteoarthritis (OA) or secondary degenerative arthropathy due to developmental hip dysplasia (DDH). Gait analysis is considered a gold standard for evaluating post-arthroplasty walking patterns. This study compared post-THA spatiotemporal gait parameters (SGPs) between OA and DDH patients and explored correlations with demographic and clinical variables. Thirty patients (15 per group) were recorded during gait and their SGPs were analyzed. Functionality was evaluated with the Oxford Hip Score (OHS). The OA patients were significantly older than DDH patients (p < 0.005). Significant and moderate to strong were the correlations between SGPs, age, and four items of the OHS concerning hip pain and activities of daily life (0.31 < Pearson’s r < 0.51 all p < 0.05). Following THA, both groups exhibited similar levels of the examined gait parameters. Post-arthroplasty SGPs and OHS correlations indicate limitations in certain activities. Given the absence of pre-operative data and the correlation between age and SGPs and OHS, ANCOVA testing revealed that age adjusts OHS and SGP values, while pre-operative diagnosis has no main effect. These findings indicate that hip OA or DDH do not affect postoperative SGPs and patients’ functionality. Future studies should examine both kinematic and kinetic data to better evaluate the post-THA gait patterns of OA and DDH patients.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)
Open AccessCase Report
A Unique Bilateral Variation of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: A Case Report
by
Maria Amelia Coello, Lokesh A. Coomar and Meadow Campbell
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030109 - 25 Jun 2024
Abstract
A novel combination of variations involving the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscle group was observed bilaterally in a 75-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection. An accessory tendon was observed arising from the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and traveling with the primary tendon
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A novel combination of variations involving the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscle group was observed bilaterally in a 75-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection. An accessory tendon was observed arising from the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and traveling with the primary tendon through the second compartment of the extensor retinaculum. While the primary tendon inserted on the base of the second metacarpal, as is typical of ECRL, the accessory tendon inserted on the base of the third metacarpal. This insertion is typical of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle. Additionally, bilateral agenesis of the ECRB was reported. Thirty-two additional forearms were assessed for similar variations, with none being observed. This combination of variations adds to the literature regarding the ECR muscle group, while also being of interest to clinicians, specifically regarding tendon reconstructive procedures as well as accessing the distal radial artery via the anatomical snuffbox.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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Open AccessArticle
Upper-Limb Muscle Fatigability in Para-Athletes Quantified as the Rate of Force Development in Rapid Contractions of Submaximal Amplitude
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Gennaro Boccia, Paolo Riccardo Brustio, Luca Beratto, Ilaria Peluso, Roberto Ferrara, Diego Munzi, Elisabetta Toti, Anna Raguzzini, Tommaso Sciarra and Alberto Rainoldi
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020108 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to compare neuromuscular fatigability of the elbow flexors and extensors between athletes with amputation (AMP) and athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) for maximum voluntary force (MVF) and rate of force development (RFD). We recruited 20 para-athletes among those participating
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This study aimed to compare neuromuscular fatigability of the elbow flexors and extensors between athletes with amputation (AMP) and athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) for maximum voluntary force (MVF) and rate of force development (RFD). We recruited 20 para-athletes among those participating at two training camps (2022) for Italian Paralympic veterans. Ten athletes with SCI (two with tetraplegia and eight with paraplegia) were compared to 10 athletes with amputation (above the knee, N = 3; below the knee, N = 6; forearm, N = 1). We quantified MVF, RFD at 50, 100, and 150 ms, and maximal RFD (RFDpeak) of elbow flexors and extensors before and after an incremental arm cranking to voluntary fatigue. We also measured the RFD scaling factor (RFD-SF), which is the linear relationship between peak force and peak RFD quantified in a series of ballistic contractions of submaximal amplitude. SCI showed lower levels of MVF and RFD in both muscle groups (all p values ≤ 0.045). Despite this, the decrease in MVF (Cohen’s d = 0.425, p < 0.001) and RFDpeak (d = 0.424, p = 0.003) after the incremental test did not show any difference between pathological conditions. Overall, RFD at 50 ms showed the greatest decrease (d = 0.741, p < 0.001), RFD at 100 ms showed a small decrease (d = 0.382, p = 0.020), and RFD at 150 ms did not decrease (p = 0.272). The RFD-SF decreased more in SCI than AMP (p < 0.0001). Muscle fatigability impacted not only maximal force expressions but also the quickness of ballistic contractions of submaximal amplitude, particularly in SCI. This may affect various sports and daily living activities of wheelchair users. Early RFD (i.e., ≤50 ms) was notably affected by muscle fatigability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)
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Open AccessArticle
Key Performance Indicators Predictive of Success in Soccer: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Greek Soccer League
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Andreas Stafylidis, Athanasios Mandroukas, Yiannis Michailidis, Lazaros Vardakis, Ioannis Metaxas, Angelos E. Kyranoudis and Thomas I. Metaxas
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020107 - 17 Jun 2024
Abstract
Previous research emphasizes the significance of key performance metrics in determining match outcomes. The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of success in professional soccer by analyzing the relationship between match outcomes (win, lose, draw) and various Performance Indicators extracted
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Previous research emphasizes the significance of key performance metrics in determining match outcomes. The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of success in professional soccer by analyzing the relationship between match outcomes (win, lose, draw) and various Performance Indicators extracted from the Greek soccer league, as well as to develop a regression model of success in soccer. The sample consisted of all 91 matches from the first round of the 2020–2021 season of the Greek Football League. Utilizing Kruskal–Wallis tests, significant differences were found in goals scored, shots, and shots on target, ball possession, passing metrics, touches in the penalty area, and average shot distance (p < 0.05), with winning teams having demonstrated superior performance metrics. Moreover, winning teams engaged more in positional attacks and counterattacks with shots (p < 0.05). The binary logistic regression model applied to predict match outcomes identified shots on target, counterattacks, passes metrics, offensive duels and set pieces (penalties, free kicks) as key factors influencing the likelihood of winning (p < 0.05). These findings collectively highlight the importance of effective offensive play, including goal scoring, shooting accuracy, and ball possession, in determining the outcomes of soccer matches, with the regression model offering a nuanced understanding of these relationships.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Strength and Resistance Training: Best Practices Applied to Sports Disciplines and Performance)
Open AccessReview
Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review
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Philip Gallardo, Giannis Giakas, Giorgos K. Sakkas and Panagiotis V. Tsaklis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020106 - 17 Jun 2024
Abstract
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed
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The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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Open AccessReview
Strategies for Improving Firefighter Health On-Shift: A Review
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Kealey J. Wohlgemuth, Michael J. Conner, Grant M. Tinsley, Ty B. Palmer and Jacob A. Mota
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020105 - 15 Jun 2024
Abstract
The fire service suffers from high rates of cardiovascular disease and poor overall health, and firefighters often suffer fatal and non-fatal injuries while on the job. Most fatal injuries result from sudden cardiac death, while non-fatal injuries are to the musculoskeletal system. Previous
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The fire service suffers from high rates of cardiovascular disease and poor overall health, and firefighters often suffer fatal and non-fatal injuries while on the job. Most fatal injuries result from sudden cardiac death, while non-fatal injuries are to the musculoskeletal system. Previous works suggest a mechanistic link between several health and performance variables and injury risk. In addition, studies have suggested physical activity and nutrition can improve overall health and occupational performance. This review offers practical applications for exercise via feasible training modalities as well as nutritional recommendations that can positively impact performance on the job. Time-efficient training modalities like high-intensity interval training and feasible modalities such as resistance training offer numerous benefits for firefighters. Also, modifying and supplementing the diet and can be advantageous for health and body composition in the fire service. Firefighters have various schedules, making it difficult for planned exercise and eating while on shift. The practical training and nutritional aspects discussed in this review can be implemented on-shift to improve the overall health and performance in firefighters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Public Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Comparative Bilateral Measurements of Vastus Lateralis Muscle Oxygen Desaturation Kinetics during 30 S Sprint Cycling Exercise: Effects of Age and Performance
by
Karmen Reinpõld, Indrek Rannama and Kristjan Port
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020104 - 13 Jun 2024
Abstract
The study assessed vastus lateralis oxygen desaturation kinetics (SmO2) in 32 male cyclists (16 Seniors, 16 Juniors) during a 30 s sprint, examining effects of age and performance. An incremental test was used to determine ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and maximal
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The study assessed vastus lateralis oxygen desaturation kinetics (SmO2) in 32 male cyclists (16 Seniors, 16 Juniors) during a 30 s sprint, examining effects of age and performance. An incremental test was used to determine ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2kg), followed by a sprint test to evaluate anaerobic performance. Cyclists’ performance phenotype was determined as the ratio of power at VT2 to 5 s peak sprint power. Juniors exhibited sprinter-like traits, excelling in all functional tests except for lactate levels post-sprint. SmO2 data showed no age-related or bilateral differences across participants. The combined mean response time (MRT) revealed stronger bilateral goodness of fit (R2 = 0.64) than individual time delay (TD) and time constant (τ). Higher VO2kg at VT2, peak power, and maximal uptake were linked to longer TD, while shorter TD correlated with higher lactate production and increased fatigue. Bilaterally averaged SmO2 kinetics distinguished between sprint and endurance athletes, indicating the potential to reflect the alactic anaerobic system’s capacity and depletion. Age did not affect desaturation rates, but younger cyclists showed greater response amplitude, attributed to a higher initial baseline rather than maximal desaturation at the end of the exercise.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength Training and Performance Enhancement in Athletes)
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Open AccessArticle
Sit-to-Stand Power Is a Stronger Predictor of Gait Speed than Knee Extension Strength
by
Garrett M. Steinbrink, Julian Martinez, Ann M. Swartz and Scott J. Strath
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020103 - 13 Jun 2024
Abstract
With a growing aging population, the routine assessment of physical function may become a critical component of clinical practice. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to compare two common assessments of muscular function: (1) isometric knee extension strength (KES) and (2) sit-to-stand
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With a growing aging population, the routine assessment of physical function may become a critical component of clinical practice. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to compare two common assessments of muscular function: (1) isometric knee extension strength (KES) and (2) sit-to-stand (STS) muscle power tests, in predicting objective physical function (i.e., gait speed) in aging adults. 84 adults (56% female, mean (SD) age = 66.6 (9.4) years) had their relative KES, STS power, usual gait speed (UGS), and fast gait speed (FGS) assessed. Multiple linear regression examined the associations between KES, STS power, and gait outcomes. When entered in separate models, KES and STS power were both independently associated with UGS and FGS (Std. β = 0.35–0.44 and 0.42–0.55 for KES and STS power, respectively). When entered in the same model, STS power was associated with UGS and FGS (Std. β = 0.37 [95%CI: 0.15, 0.58] and 0.51 [95%CI: 0.31, 0.70], respectively), while KES was only associated with FGS (Std. β = 0.25 [95%CI: 0.02, 0.48]). STS power seems to be a valid indicator of function in aging adults. Its feasibility as a screening tool for “low” function in the primary care setting should be explored.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement Analysis in Sports and Physical Therapy)
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Open AccessArticle
Ten-Minute Physical Activity Breaks Improve Attention and Executive Functions in Healthcare Workers
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Francesco Fischetti, Ilaria Pepe, Gianpiero Greco, Maurizio Ranieri, Luca Poli, Stefania Cataldi and Luigi Vimercati
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020102 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
Occupational health is a major problem in modern work environments. Physical activity breaks (PABs), short exercise periods delivered during working hours, incorporating exergames or outdoor activities, have emerged as a novel approach that could be used to improve work efficiency and workplace wellbeing.
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Occupational health is a major problem in modern work environments. Physical activity breaks (PABs), short exercise periods delivered during working hours, incorporating exergames or outdoor activities, have emerged as a novel approach that could be used to improve work efficiency and workplace wellbeing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of PABs on attention levels and executive functions in healthcare workers. A total of 27 healthcare workers (M = 14, W = 13; 49.55 ± 12.46 years), after 4 h of work, randomly performed one of three 10 min conditions weekly in a counterbalanced order: No Physical Activity Break (NPAB); Outdoor Physical Activity Break (OPAB); Physical Activity Break with Exergame (PABEx). After the conditions, executive functions and selective attention were assessed by the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), and the Trail Making A,B test (TMT A,B), respectively. Significant differences between OPAB and NPAB as well as between PABEx and NPAB in the TMT-A test χ2(2) = 44.66 (p < 0.001) and TMT-B test χ2(2) = 48.67 (p < 0.001) were found, respectively. TMT-A and SCWT interference/time scores of the PABEx and OPAB conditions were significantly lower than those of NPAB (p < 0.001). In the SCWT interference/error score, no significant difference was found between the PABEx and NPAB (p > 0.05), but the score was statistically lower in the OPAB condition than PABEx (p = 0.001) and PABEx condition compared to OPAB for TMT-A (p = 0.001). Findings showed that the OPAB and PABEx conditions are effective in improving selective attention and executive functions in healthcare workers. Employers can foster a healthier and more productive workforce by promoting a culture of movement and prioritizing employee health, which in turn can enhance patient care outcomes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance through Sports at All Ages 3.0)
Open AccessArticle
An Assessment of Existing Sport-Related Concussion Guidelines in Ireland: The Need for a United Approach
by
Ayrton Walshe, Ed Daly and Lisa Ryan
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020101 - 10 Jun 2024
Abstract
In 2014, an Irish parliament white paper called for greater addressing of sport-related concussions (SRCs) in Ireland, requesting the adoption of the Concussion in Sport Group’s (CISGs) guidelines and greater consistency in SRC return to play (RTP) management. Ten years later, it is
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In 2014, an Irish parliament white paper called for greater addressing of sport-related concussions (SRCs) in Ireland, requesting the adoption of the Concussion in Sport Group’s (CISGs) guidelines and greater consistency in SRC return to play (RTP) management. Ten years later, it is unclear how these requests have been addressed. Recently, the United Kingdom’s government centralised guidelines to one SRC document for all grassroots sports. This study aimed to investigate all publicly available SRC guidance in Irish sports and national governing bodies (NGBs) to determine if centralised guidelines are warranted. Sport Ireland and the Irish Federation of Sports were searched for all recognised NGBs and sports in Ireland. Websites were searched for any information pertaining to SRCs and data were extracted and collated in Microsoft Excel. In total, 15 of 83 sports and/or NGBs included SRC guidance, nine of which provided RTP protocols. Various iterations of the CISGs guidance and tools were implemented. Several sports with a documented SRC risk had no guidelines present. The findings indicate disjointed and outdated guidance across Irish sport. Additionally, there are sports with a documented concussion risk that have no SRC guidance available. This study provides support for centralised guidelines to be adopted in Irish grassroots sports.
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(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)
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Open AccessReview
Intervention Hypothesis for Training with Whole-Body Vibration to Improve Physical Fitness Levels: An Umbrella Review
by
Luca Petrigna, Alessandra Amato, Martina Sortino, Bruno Trovato, Marta Zanghì, Federico Roggio and Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020100 - 6 Jun 2024
Abstract
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a training modality, and it seems to be a safe and efficient exercise especially to improve different aspects of physical fitness in different populations. The protocols for WBV are still not standardized. The difficulty in comparing the data confuses
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Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a training modality, and it seems to be a safe and efficient exercise especially to improve different aspects of physical fitness in different populations. The protocols for WBV are still not standardized. The difficulty in comparing the data confuses the real efficacy of this instrument. Consequently, the objective of this umbrella review is to analyze the protocols previously adopted and eventually to propose a standard operating procedure for WBV training. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on WBV were searched on the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus until 18 March 2024. A quality assessment of the studies included has been performed. A total of 20 studies were included in this umbrella review and frequency, magnitude, and amplitude intensity data were recorded. Detailed information about the protocols (static or dynamic exercises, barefoot or with shoes, intensity duration, weekly frequency, and vibration characteristics) was also collected. WBV presents widely different protocols. Consequently, a standard operating procedure has not been proposed for WBV training. A hypothesis of intervention was instead written in which parameters for frequency, amplitude, acceleration, and training mode were proposed.
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(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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Open AccessReview
Myofunctional Speech Therapy for Facial Rejuvenation and Orofacial Function Improvement: A Systematic Review
by
Luca Levrini, Giulia Baldelli, Chiara Castellani, Luigia Ricci, Claudia Paola Bruna Dellavia, Nicola Giannotta, Gaia Pellegrini and Stefano Saran
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020099 - 5 Jun 2024
Abstract
This review aims to reveal the effectiveness of myofunctional speech therapy on facial rejuvenation and/or improvement of orofacial function. A systematic review of four medical electronic databases (Medline, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS) was conducted between January and March 2023. The research question
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This review aims to reveal the effectiveness of myofunctional speech therapy on facial rejuvenation and/or improvement of orofacial function. A systematic review of four medical electronic databases (Medline, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS) was conducted between January and March 2023. The research question was defined using the PICO model: Population (P): adult subjects with signs of physiological aging of facial skin. Intervention (I): aesthetic speech therapy (facial exercises and/or myofunctional therapy). Control (C): absence of treatment. Outcome (O): facial rejuvenation. Through the search process, a total of 472 potentially relevant articles were identified. A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Most of the studies required the participants to perform exercises learned during the weekly session on a daily basis. The subjects underwent an integrated treatment with facial exercises and worked on the stomatognathic functions for different durations. Many differences were found in the evaluation tools used to investigate the starting situation and the effects obtained following the treatment. At the diagnostic level, there was no concordance in the choice of the most appropriate scales and assessment tools, but great heterogeneity was observed. Indeed, forty-eight percent of the studies collected objective data through the use of various instruments (oral devices, electromyographs, cutometers, muscle ultrasound scans, and laser scans of the face). The observed improvements included not only a reduction in wrinkles and frown lines but also decreased muscle tension and slackness, enhanced facial symmetry and lip competence, improved skin elasticity, and restored stomatognathic function. These changes led to myofunctional restoration and facial rejuvenation, resulting in increased satisfaction with self-image and proprioception.
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(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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Open AccessArticle
Examining Changes in Shoulder Strength, Lower Body Power, and Body Composition among Collegiate Baseball Players after Completion of a Summer Baseball League Season
by
Brandon Merfeld, Matthew Rowley, Thomas Almonroeder, Joel Luedke, Jacob L. Erickson, Margaret T. Jones, Jennifer B. Fields, Elijah Szymanski and Andrew R. Jagim
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020098 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The strength of the shoulder musculature involved with internal rotation and arm extension plays an important role in the overhead throwing motion for baseball athletes, both for throwing-related performance and injury risk. The maintenance of shoulder strength is a high priority for baseball
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The strength of the shoulder musculature involved with internal rotation and arm extension plays an important role in the overhead throwing motion for baseball athletes, both for throwing-related performance and injury risk. The maintenance of shoulder strength is a high priority for baseball athletes throughout a season; however, little is known in regards to the expected changes in strength throughout a season. To examine pre-post changes in shoulder strength, lower body power, and body composition among collegiate baseball players after the completion of a summer baseball league season. Amateur baseball players (n = 12; age: 20.9 ± 1.0 years.; height: 181.6 ± 5.6 cm; body mass: 86.4 ± 11.1 kg; BMI: 26.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2) participated in the current study. Pre- and post-competitive season, the participants completed shoulder strength assessments and body composition and countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) tests. An upper-body isometric test (athletic shoulder [ASH] test) was used to evaluate shoulder strength for each arm. Each subject completed maximal isometric contractions for both the throwing and non-throwing arms at four separate angles of abduction (180°, ‘I’; 135°, ‘Y’; 90°, ‘T’; and −180°, ‘A’) while lying in a prone position. For shoulder strength, the primary dependent variable of interest was a composite measure that represented the average of the forces produced across all four positions of the ASH test (I, Y, T, A). For the ASH test composite measure, there was a trend toward a significant arm-by-time interaction effect (p = 0.08), as shoulder strength decreased by 9.03% for the throwing arm (ES = 0.72; 95% CI = [−0.27, −0.01]), compared to only 2.03% for the non-throwing arm (ES = 0.15; 95% CI = [−0.16, 0.09]), over the course of the season. The main effects of time (p = 0.16) and arm (p = 0.58) were not significant for the ASH test composite measure. There was no relationship between lower body power and throwing arm strength at baseline (r = 0.20, p = 0.56), and only a non-significant weak relationship at post-test (r = 0.28, p = 0.41). Throughout a season, baseball players may experience reductions in shoulder strength of the throwing arm with minimal changes in shoulder strength in the non-throwing arm.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Strength and Resistance Training: Best Practices Applied to Sports Disciplines and Performance)
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Open AccessArticle
The Relationship between Inspiratory Muscle Strength and Cycling Performance: Insights from Hypoxia and Inspiratory Muscle Warm-Up
by
André Luiz Musmanno Branco Oliveira, Gabriel Dias Rodrigues, Philippe de Azeredo Rohan, Thiago Rodrigues Gonçalves and Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020097 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Hypoxia increases inspiratory muscle work and consequently contributes to a reduction in exercise performance. We evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) on a 10 km cycling time trial in normoxia (NOR) and hypoxia (HYP). Eight cyclists performed four time trial sessions,
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Hypoxia increases inspiratory muscle work and consequently contributes to a reduction in exercise performance. We evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) on a 10 km cycling time trial in normoxia (NOR) and hypoxia (HYP). Eight cyclists performed four time trial sessions, two in HYP (FiO2: 0.145) and two in NOR (FiO2: 0.209), of which one was with IMW (set at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure—MIP) and the other was with the placebo effect (PLA: set at 15% MIP). Time trials were unchanged by IMW (NORIMW: 893.8 ± 31.5 vs. NORPLA: 925.5 ± 51.0 s; HYPIMW: 976.8 ± 34.2 vs. HYPPLA: 1008.3 ± 56.0 s; p > 0.05), while ventilation was higher in HYPIMW (107.7 ± 18.3) than HYPPLA (100.1 ± 18.9 L.min−1; p ≤ 0.05), and SpO2 was lower (HYPIMW: 73 ± 6 vs. HYPPLA: 76 ± 6%; p ≤ 0.05). A post-exercise-induced reduction in inspiratory strength was correlated with exercise elapsed time during IMW sessions (HYPIMW: r = −0.79; p ≤ 0.05; NORIMW: r = −0.70; p ≤ 0.05). IMW did not improve the 10 km time trial performance under normoxia and hypoxia.
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(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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Open AccessArticle
Relationship between Simulated Fire Suppression Activities and Acute Cardiac and Respiratory Events in Firefighters
by
Roger O. Kollock, William D. Hale, Maddie Fulk, Maddie Seidner, Zora Szabo, Gabriel J. Sanders and Will Peveler
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020096 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Cardiac deaths account for the largest share of on-duty firefighter deaths. To help ensure duty fitness and minimize injury risk, many fire departments require the passing of an annual physical ability test, consisting of a battery of simulated fire suppression activities (sFSAs). The
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Cardiac deaths account for the largest share of on-duty firefighter deaths. To help ensure duty fitness and minimize injury risk, many fire departments require the passing of an annual physical ability test, consisting of a battery of simulated fire suppression activities (sFSAs). The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of sFSA performance to acute cardiac and respiratory events (ACREs) and the effect that estimated VO2max has on sFSA performance. The study was retrospective. As part of an annual physical ability test, five timed sFSAs were performed, summed for a composite time, and categorized into three performance levels (fast, moderate, and slow). Estimated VO2max was determined using the Forestry Step Test. A significant (p = 0.023) linear trend was observed with higher sFSA performance times being associated with a higher proportion of firefighters going on to suffer an ACRE. The estimated VO2max was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the fast group compared to the slow group. There was not a significant (p = 0.70) difference in estimated VO2max between the moderate and slow groups. Estimated VO2max performance and sFSA performance were significantly correlated, with rs(488) = −0.272 and p < 0.001. Poorer sFSA performance was found to be associated with a higher proportion of ACREs. The results suggest that sFSA performance may be a valid indicator of ACRE injury risk and aerobic capacity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Competitive Sports Training and Injury Prevention)
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