Journal Description
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on functional morphology and kinesiology research dealing with the analysis of structure, function, development, and evolution of cells and tissues of the musculoskeletal system and the whole body related to the movement exercise-based approach, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Sport Sciences) / CiteScore - Q2 (Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
Potential Effects of Soccer Ball Characteristics on Ball-to-Head Contact: A Systematic Review
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040210 - 27 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to systematically review research on the effect of soccer ball characteristics on ball-to-head contact. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using electronic databases, which included PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science. The search strategy combined
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Background: The aim of this study was to systematically review research on the effect of soccer ball characteristics on ball-to-head contact. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using electronic databases, which included PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science. The search strategy combined keywords related to soccer, the ball and its characteristics, heading, and kinematics variables. Studies analyzing the impact of soccer ball characteristics on heading biomechanics were included. The review included studies using mathematical models, simulations, and human subjects. Results: A total of nine studies were included, highlighting the lack of evidence on this topic. The following ball characteristics were investigated: inflation pressure (n = 7), mass (n = 4), structure/material properties (n = 3), size/diameter (n = 3), and stiffness (n = 3). Most studies used non-human subjects, such as mathematical, simulated, or head-form models. Key findings were as follows: (a) reducing inflation pressure may decrease impact magnitude; (b) ball size may not directly relate to impact magnitude, but one study found that a smaller size resulted in a shorter impact time; (c) lower impact observed with decreasing ball mass; (d) lowering stiffness showed a tendency to lower impact; (e) two studies on water absorption found that wet balls were heavier and had greater impact forces than dry balls; and (f) ball structure and cover material directly influenced impulsive forces. Conclusions: Modifying soccer ball characteristics may reduce heading forces, but the available research has limitations. More controlled studies are needed to determine optimal ball properties for mitigating injury risk during soccer heading. Standardized testing methods can further clarify the biomechanics of heading, supporting ongoing innovations to enhance player experience.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Sports-Related Health Issues, 2nd Edition)
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Relationship Between Training Frequency and Training Session Duration on Vitality in Recreational Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Adrián Varela-Sanz, Marcos Mecías-Calvo, Erika Borrajo and Iker Muñoz-Pérez
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040209 - 27 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Running can improve health status from a biopsychosocial perspective. However, isolation strategies, like the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown, produce deleterious effects on both health status and sport performance. The aim of our study was to investigate recreational runners’ sporting habits, subjective vitality
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Background: Running can improve health status from a biopsychosocial perspective. However, isolation strategies, like the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown, produce deleterious effects on both health status and sport performance. The aim of our study was to investigate recreational runners’ sporting habits, subjective vitality (SV), and well-being after the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown. Methods: After data filtration, 5542 recreational runners (74.5% men and 25.5% women, >18 years) were selected for further analyses. The participants answered preliminary questions regarding sporting habits and completed the validated Spanish version of the Subjective Vitality as a Dynamic Reflection of Well-Being questionnaire for assessing their SV after lockdown. Results: Subjective vitality scores did not differ between men and women, nor between age groups (p = 0.41 and p = 0.11, respectively). Subjective vitality was greater with weekly training frequency up to 5 days/week, where this enhancement plateaued, while average training session duration was positively related to SV, stabilizing at 91–120 min/session (p < 0.001 for both). Conclusions: There is a dose–response relationship between both weekly training frequency and training session duration, and mental health benefits in recreational runners. Further longitudinal studies are needed in order to determine the optimal dose–response relationship for simultaneously enhancing mental health outcomes and running performance in recreational runners, especially regarding weekly training frequency, training session duration, and exercise intensity.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
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Functional Recovery After Hip Arthroplasty with a Minimal Invasive or Classical Approach Eight Years After Intervention
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Mirela Vuckovic, Lana Ruzic, Karlo Tudor, Tomislav Prpic, Zdravko Jotanovic, Silvije Segulja, Andrica Lekic and Ksenija Bazdaric
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040208 - 26 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in functional recovery eight years after total hip arthroplasty in patients who underwent hip joint surgery using two different approaches: the classic lateral approach and the anterolateral minimally invasive surgical approach. Methods: Eight
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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in functional recovery eight years after total hip arthroplasty in patients who underwent hip joint surgery using two different approaches: the classic lateral approach and the anterolateral minimally invasive surgical approach. Methods: Eight years after the hip replacement, 68 subjects, 32 in the classic and 36 in the minimally invasive group, underwent follow-up measurements involving the Harris Hip Score (HHS), range of motion, strength of the abductor muscles, 50-m walk time, body mass index (BMI), physical activity questionnaire, and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain during general activities. Results: Higher HHS (p < 0.001), hip abduction (p < 0.001), and hip flexion (p = 0.018) range of motion values were obtained in the minimally invasive approach group. A correlation between physical activity (PA) and the hip abduction muscle strength in the classic group (r = 0.43; p = 0.011) and a correlation between PA and the HHS in the minimally invasive group (r = 0.34, p = 0.041) was found. BMI was correlated with the 50-m walk time in both groups (classical: r = 0.39; p = 0.027; minimally invasive r = 0.35; p = 0.030); meanwhile, in the minimally invasive group, BMI was negatively correlated with hip flexion (r = −0.37; p = 0.020). Conclusions: Eight years after total hip arthroplasty, performed using either an anterolateral minimally invasive or lateral approach, there was no difference in the patients’ functional outcome in relation to BMI. The minimally invasive approach benefits patients by granting them better functional abilities. A clinical difference was found in the HHS, in favour of the minimally invasive group.
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(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)
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Foot Kinematics of Elite Female 59 kg Weightlifters in the 2018–2021 World Championships
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Wei-Cian Yan, Pei-Tzu Lan, Chia-Fang Wu and Wen-Pin Hu
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040207 - 26 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Research on elite weightlifting performance is crucial for understanding the underlying attributes of efficient techniques. This study aimed to analyze the foot characteristics of elite female weightlifters in the 59 kg category during the snatch. Methods: Publicly available videos from the International
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Background/Objectives: Research on elite weightlifting performance is crucial for understanding the underlying attributes of efficient techniques. This study aimed to analyze the foot characteristics of elite female weightlifters in the 59 kg category during the snatch. Methods: Publicly available videos from the International Weightlifting Federation World Weightlifting Championships (2018–2021) were analyzed. Excluding the 2020 competition due to the COVID-19 pandemic and more unsuccessful attempts, a total of 20 videos were selected for kinematic analysis using Kenova video analysis software. Variables included the horizontal foot distance in the start and catch phases, horizontal displacement of sideway leg separation, and maximum vertical heel height of each foot. Results: The results revealed small to moderate significant negative correlations between snatch performance and maximum heel height (right: r = −0.28, p < 0.05; left: r = −0.332 p < 0.01). Snatch performance also demonstrated a small to moderate negative correlation with sideway leg separation and foot distance in the catch phase (r = −0.275, p < 0.01; r = −0.467, p < 0.01, respectively). Maximum heel height exhibited a very strong positive correlation between feet (r = 0.853, p < 0.01). Conclusions: A relatively narrower stance was found to be more beneficial for elite weightlifter performance. Strong coordination suggests advanced movement strategies in this complex lift. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge on weightlifting techniques and offer valuable insights for athletes and coaches seeking to improve performance in competitive environments.
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(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review
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Ardavan Iravani-Naeeni and Amir Mohagheghi
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040206 - 25 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) can be associated with balance and gait impairments leading to increased risk of falls. Several studies have reported positive effects of various forms of vestibular stimulation (VS) for improving balance and stability in people with PD (PwP). The purpose
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Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) can be associated with balance and gait impairments leading to increased risk of falls. Several studies have reported positive effects of various forms of vestibular stimulation (VS) for improving balance and stability in people with PD (PwP). The purpose of present study was to synthesise the current evidence on the effectiveness of VS, highlighting its potential benefits in improving postural stability and reducing gait impairments in people with Parkinson’s Disease. Method: A systematic search was conducted across databases Cochrane, Medline, PEDro, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they involved PwP at stages 3 or 4 of the Hoehn and Yahr scale, aged 60 years or older. The Risk of Bias (RoB) was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022283898). Results: demonstrated that various forms of VS have shown promise in mitigating symptoms of vestibular dysfunction and improving gait and balance in PwP. However, the overall RoB ranged from moderate to critical, with variations across different domains. Conclusions: While VS appears to offer potential benefits in improving balance and gait in PwP, the presence of biases in the reviewed studies necessitate caution in interpreting the results. Further research should focus on addressing these biases to confirm the therapeutic potential of VS in PD.
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(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)
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Exploring Individual Components of Sport Persistence in the Light of Gender, Education, and Level and Type of Sport
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Benedek Tibor Tóth, Hanna Léna Tóth, Csanád Lukácsi, Oszkár Csaba Kocsner, Buda Lovas, Bence Tamás Selejó Joó, Hanna Czipa, Regina Bódi, Zsuzsa Lupócz, Rozália Paronai, Mátyás Kovács and Karolina Eszter Kovács
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040205 - 25 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sport persistence can be coded as an indicator of sport performance and commitment, incorporating personality traits such as resilience, adaptive coping, and positive personality traits. Thus, athletes do not merely persist in sporting activities but are qualitatively committed to them. Methods: In
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Background/Objectives: Sport persistence can be coded as an indicator of sport performance and commitment, incorporating personality traits such as resilience, adaptive coping, and positive personality traits. Thus, athletes do not merely persist in sporting activities but are qualitatively committed to them. Methods: In the present research, we used a qualitative methodology to investigate the factors underlying sport persistence, using Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model. In total, 133 high school and college student-athletes were surveyed in a semi-structured interview study. We set the following research question: How do the factors involved in developing sport persistence vary across athletes’ gender, level of study, and level and type of sport? Data were analyzed along the lines of grounded theory. ATLAS.ti and IBM SPSS 22.0 statistical software were used for the analysis. Results: Our analysis divided individual motivation into intrinsic (health promotion, habituation, becoming a competitive athlete, self-improvement, self-actualization, relaxation, and sport enjoyment) and extrinsic motivation (family-related motivation, coach, social relationships, competition, livelihood, recognition). The cross-tabulation analysis revealed that contrary to the general trend, no significant differences can be experienced in the core motivational patterns contributing to sport persistence. However, significant differences could be detected concerning the level of education, level of sporting activity, and type of sport. Conclusions: Our findings not only shed light on the unique factors underlying sport persistence, but also challenge the trends observed in traditional sport motivation analyses. This insight could potentially revolutionize how we approach youth sport promotion and physical activity among young people, making our research highly relevant and impactful.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
Open AccessArticle
Equal Effects of Low- and Moderate-Volume Supplementary Plyometric Training on Sprint, Change of Direction Ability, and Lower-Limb Power in Preadolescent Female Handball Players
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Konstantinos S. Noutsos, Panagiotis G. Meletakos, Magdalini Kepesidou and Gregory C. Bogdanis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040204 - 25 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: This study compared the effects of low- and moderate-volume supplementary plyometric training in preadolescent female handball players. Methods: Thirty-nine preadolescent handball players (age: 12.9 ± 0.5 years, maturity offset: −1.50 ± 0.56 years) were randomly assigned into three groups: low-volume plyometric
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Background: This study compared the effects of low- and moderate-volume supplementary plyometric training in preadolescent female handball players. Methods: Thirty-nine preadolescent handball players (age: 12.9 ± 0.5 years, maturity offset: −1.50 ± 0.56 years) were randomly assigned into three groups: low-volume plyometric training group (LPT, n = 12); moderate-volume plyometric training group (MPT, n = 15); and control group (CG, n = 12). The supplementary plyometric training program was performed twice per week for 10 weeks, along with normal training (3 times/week). Each supplementary session included two upper- and three lower-body exercises performed for two sets (LPT, 36–54 foot contacts, duration 12 min) or four sets (MPT, 72–108 foot contacts, duration 24 min). The CG performed technical handball drills for 20 min. Results: Compared with the control group, both LPT and MPT resulted in similar improvements in modified T-test performance (15.1% and 18.6%, p < 0.01, respectively); linear sprint performance over 5, 10, and 20 m (between 5.1% and 8.8%, p = 0.02 to 0.001); countermovement jump (28.0% and 22.1%, p < 0.05, respectively); and standing long jump (12.6% and 12.5%, p = 0.024, respectively). Handgrip strength and overarm shot ball velocity improved similarly in all groups (CG, MPT, and LPT), by 8–11% (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Very-low-volume supplementary plyometric training performed for 12 min per session for two sessions per week results in considerable improvements in running speed, change of direction ability, and leg power and is as effective as a moderate-volume program. These findings are important for pre-adolescent female team sports players, who may benefit from a minimal but effective supplementary training, resulting in large benefits in leg speed and power.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Performance: Training Strategies to Improve Strength, Speed, and Power)
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SpiroTiger and KS Brief Stimulator: Specific Devices for Breathing and Well-Being in Post-COVID-19 Patients
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Maria Chiara Parisi, Donatella Di Corrado, Omar Mingrino, Caterina Crescimanno, Federica Longo, Francesco Pegreffi and Vincenzo Cristian Francavilla
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040203 - 24 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background. Post-COVID-19 patients may develop impaired lung function, with reduced lung capacities and volumes, respiratory muscle weakness, and physical inactivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a detailed protocol based on breathing training with two specifically designed respiratory
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Background. Post-COVID-19 patients may develop impaired lung function, with reduced lung capacities and volumes, respiratory muscle weakness, and physical inactivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a detailed protocol based on breathing training with two specifically designed respiratory devices (SpiroTiger and KS Brief Stimulator) in post-COVID-19 individuals. Methods. Sixteen young volunteers were randomly allocated into two groups: experimental (n = 8) and control (n = 8). The experimental group performed breathing training for 12 min two times a week for 9 months (from August 2023 to May 2024). Spirometric and baropodometric measurements were recorded every 3 months to evaluate the effects of the protocol. Results. Data analysis showed significant improvements in the forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow indices, and postural parameters in the experimental group. Conclusions. In conclusion, based on the study findings, the specific breathing training protocol developed for post-COVID-19 patients has proven to be effective and significantly impacted the quality of breathing functions and the postural system.
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(This article belongs to the Section Physical Exercise for Health Promotion)
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Estimate Anaerobic Work Capacity and Critical Power with Constant-Power All-Out Test
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Ming-Chang Tsai, Scott Thomas and Marc Klimstra
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040202 - 24 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: The critical power model (CPM) is used extensively in sports to characterize fitness by estimating anaerobic work capacity (W’) and critical power (CP). Traditionally, estimates of CP and W’ require repeated, time-consuming tests. Alternatively, a 3 min all-out test yields good estimates
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Background: The critical power model (CPM) is used extensively in sports to characterize fitness by estimating anaerobic work capacity (W’) and critical power (CP). Traditionally, estimates of CP and W’ require repeated, time-consuming tests. Alternatively, a 3 min all-out test yields good estimates of W’ and CP. However, adoption of the 3 min protocol for regular fitness monitoring is deterred by the mentally/physically strenuous nature of the test. Objective: We propose to examine an alternative single-session testing protocol that can accurately estimate critical power model parameters. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy competitive athletes (cyclists or triathletes) (mean ± SD: age: 38.5 ± 10.4 years, height: 177.9 ± 8.6 cm, mass: 73.4 ± 9.9 kg) participated in 5 sessions on a Lode cycle ergometer in isokinetic mode within a 2-week period. A 3 min all-out test (3MT) was conducted on the first visit to determine CPM parameters from which power outputs for 4 subsequent constant-power plus all-out tests (CPT) were selected to result in exhaustion in 1–10 min. The subjects were to maintain the prescribed power output as consistently as possible at their preferred race cadence. Once the power output could no longer be maintained for more than 10 s, the subjects were instructed to produce an all-out effort. Tests were terminated after power output fell to an asymptote which was sustained for 2 min. Results: The CPM parameters for all of the CPT durations were compared to the traditional CP protocol (significant parameter differences were identified for all CPT durations) and the 3MT (only CPT durations > 3 min were different [3–6 min test, p < 0.01; >6 min test, p < 0.01]). CPT does not estimate traditional CP and W’ parameters well. However, the CPT with a duration < 3 min accurately estimates both parameters of a 3MT. Conclusion: Therefore, CPT has the capacity to serve as an alternative tool to assess CP parameters.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement Analysis in Sports and Physical Therapy)
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Focal Versus Combined Focal Plus Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: A Retrospective Study
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Caterina Delia, Gabriele Santilli, Vincenzo Colonna, Valerio Di Stasi, Eleonora Latini, Antonello Ciccarelli, Samanta Taurone, Antonio Franchitto, Flavia Santoboni, Donatella Trischitta, Sveva Maria Nusca, Mario Vetrano and Maria Chiara Vulpiani
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040201 - 22 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, commonly known as tennis elbow, is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by pain and degeneration of the common extensor tendon. Despite various treatments, optimal management remains debated. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of focal extracorporeal
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Background: Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow, commonly known as tennis elbow, is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by pain and degeneration of the common extensor tendon. Despite various treatments, optimal management remains debated. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of focal extracorporeal shockwave therapy (F-ESWT) alone versus a combination of focal and radial pressure waves (F-ESWT+R-PW) in treating chronic lateral epicondylitis. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 45 patients diagnosed with chronic lateral epicondylitis divided into two groups based on the treatment received: group A (F-ESWT, n = 23) and group B (F-ESWT+R-PW, n = 22). Both groups underwent three weekly sessions of their respective treatments. Patients were also given a home exercise protocol. Primary outcomes were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain and the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) for pain and functional impairment at baseline (T0), 4 weeks (T1), 12 weeks (T2), and 24 weeks (T3) post-treatment. Secondary outcomes included grip strength and ultrasonographic measurements of common extensor tendon (CET) thickness and vascularization. Results: Significant improvements in VAS and PRTEE scores were observed in both groups at all follow-up points. Group B showed greater pain reduction at T1 (VAS: 3.0 ± 1.6 vs. 4.43 ± 1.47; p < 0.005) and T2 (VAS: p < 0.030) compared to group A. Functional outcomes (PRTEE) also favored group B at T1 (p < 0.030) and in the pain section at T2 (p < 0.020). Grip strength improved similarly in both groups. CET thickness showed no significant differences at T3. Vascularization decreased significantly in both groups, with a non-significant trend favoring group B. Conclusions: The combined F-ESWT+R-PW therapy proved more effective than F-ESWT alone in the short- to mid-term management of chronic lateral epicondylitis, significantly enhancing pain reduction and functional outcomes. The combination of focal and radial pressure waves offers a superior therapeutic approach, leveraging the distinct mechanisms of each modality for better clinical results. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and establish long-term efficacy.
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(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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Acute Effect of Fixed vs. Self-Selected Rest Interval Between Sets on Physiological and Performance-Related Responses
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Diego A. Alonso-Aubin, Juan Hernández-Lougedo, Alberto Cavero-Haro and Ismael Martínez-Guardado
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040200 - 21 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Although the comparison between self-managed rest and fixed rest periods in subjects experienced in lower-limb strength training has been investigated, the results remain unclear due to controversies among some studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the role of self-managed rest
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Background: Although the comparison between self-managed rest and fixed rest periods in subjects experienced in lower-limb strength training has been investigated, the results remain unclear due to controversies among some studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the role of self-managed rest versus fixed rest in athletic performance, mean propulsive velocity, velocity loss, muscle oxygen saturation, and rest time in trained subjects; Methods: Thirteen subjects with a minimum of one year of training experience (age (years): 26.31 ± 3.84; height (cm): 175.46 ± 5.61; weight (kg): 79.24 ± 6.83) were randomly assigned to two groups (self-selected rest group [SR] = 7 and fixed rest group [FR] = 6). The subjects underwent a session for evaluation (one maximum repetition (1RM) estimation, familiarization, and data collection) and another day for a traditional strength training session for the back squat, consisting of five sets of four repetitions at 80% of 1RM. One group took a fixed 2 min break, while the other group managed their breaks autonomously (resuming when they felt ready to perform the next set at maximum velocity). Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was monitored using a linear position transducer, and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was measured with a near-infrared spectroscopy device; Results: Significant differences between the groups were found for the rest time between the first and second sets (SR 97.29 ± 23.70 seg vs. FR 120 ± 0.00 seg). However, no differences were found for MPV, velocity loss, or SmO2; Conclusions: Given the similarities in performance and physiological outcomes between fixed and self-selected rest conditions, both can be used equally depending on the preferences and training goals of coaches and athletes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement)
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Longitudinal Associations Between Physical Activity and Sedentary Time and Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness in Preschoolers
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Kirkke Reisberg, Eva-Maria Riso, Liina Animägi and Jaak Jürimäe
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040199 - 21 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The impact of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) during preschool years on the physical fitness (PF) levels of school-aged children remains unaddressed. This study aimed to investigate the associations of objectively measured vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA),
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Background/Objectives: The impact of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) during preschool years on the physical fitness (PF) levels of school-aged children remains unaddressed. This study aimed to investigate the associations of objectively measured vigorous physical activity (VPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), total physical activity (TPA), and ST in the last year of preschool (age of 6–7 years; n = 77; 51% boys) with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) in the first grade of school among Estonian children. Methods: We assessed PA (accelerometers), CRF (20 m shuttle run), and MF (z-score of relative upper- and lower-limb muscular strength). Results: In the unadjusted analysis, higher VPA, MVPA, and TPA in preschool were associated with a higher MF in school among boys, while a higher VPA in preschool was related to a higher CRF in school among girls. However, VPA, MVPA, TPA, and ST in preschool were unrelated to CRF and MF among boys and girls after adjustment for baseline age, accelerometer wear time, the corresponding PF item, and parent’s education. In addition, a higher PF level in preschool was frequently related to a higher corresponding PF item in school among both genders. Conclusions: Moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous type of activities during final year of preschool, as well the amount of TPA that preschoolers are involved in, are not sufficient to affect their CRF and MF longitudinally. In addition, ST in preschool did not impact the CRF and MF of boys and girls in the first grade.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
Open AccessArticle
Relationship Between Frequency of Physical Activity, Functional Mobility, and Self-Perceived Health in People with Different Levels of Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Ángel Denche-Zamorano, Diana Salas-Gómez, Sabina Barrios-Fernandez, Pablo Tomás-Carus, José Carmelo Adsuar and Jose A. Parraca
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040198 - 21 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Habits including regular physical activity are necessary for maintaining good health. Functional mobility, including walking and going up and down stairs, is essential for personal autonomy and well-being. Pain is a condition related to biological and psychosocial aspects that influence people’s
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Background: Habits including regular physical activity are necessary for maintaining good health. Functional mobility, including walking and going up and down stairs, is essential for personal autonomy and well-being. Pain is a condition related to biological and psychosocial aspects that influence people’s lives. Objective: The main objectives of this study were (1) to analyse the associations between physical activity frequency (PAF) and self-perceived health (SPH) and functional mobility (walking and going up and down stairs) in middle-aged and older people living in Spain with different pain levels; and (2) to analyse the risk factors for having a negative SPH and functional mobility difficulties by calculating the probabilistic risks adjusted by different variables (sex, body mass index, social class, civil status, smoking status, pain level, and PAF). Methods: A cross-sectional study based on the European Health Survey data in Spain (EHSS 2014-2020) and The Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS 2017) was carried out, with a final sample of 21,152 participants with ages between 40 and 79 years. Results: Associations between high pain levels and worse SPH and difficulties in walking and climbing stairs were found. Lower PAF levels were associated with higher-probability risks of having a negative SPH and difficulties in walking and climbing stairs. Conclusions: Physical inactivity emerged as an important risk factor for worse SPH and functional mobility. These associations underline the importance that PA programmes can play in the improvement of health and functional mobility, as well as in other aspects, in people with pain.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
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The Relationship Between the Burpee Movement Program and Strength and Endurance Performance Measures in Active Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
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Ľuboslav Šiska, Gheorghe Balint, Daniel Židek, Jaromir Sedlacek, Štefan Tkacik and Nela Tatiana Balint
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040197 - 18 Oct 2024
Abstract
Objectives: This paper aimed to assess the motor performance in the Burpee Movement Program through the acceleration recorded by the Phyphox mobile app and define its relationship to strength and endurance parameters. Methods: Altogether, 15 students in physical education teaching completed the 3
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Objectives: This paper aimed to assess the motor performance in the Burpee Movement Program through the acceleration recorded by the Phyphox mobile app and define its relationship to strength and endurance parameters. Methods: Altogether, 15 students in physical education teaching completed the 3 × 3 min Burpee Movement Program, consisting of the repeated execution of a single burpee with maximum effort at regular intervals triggered by a sound signal. During the load phase, the intensity of the burpee and the fatigue index expressed in percentages were evaluated by means of the acceleration recorded through a mobile phone. In the second part of testing, we evaluated the performance parameters during a bench press and squat where the intensity was measured using a linear displacement transducer (Tendo Power Analyzer) and aerobic endurance was assessed with a 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSR). Results: The average intensity of the burpee ranged from 3.12 to 11.12 ms−2. The fatigue index ranged from −21.95% (which represented an increase in performance) to 33.63% (which represented a decrease in performance). The performances in the bench presses ranged from 58 to 480 W and from 175 to 696 W during the squats. The distance in the 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSR) ranged from 540 to 2000 m. The intensity of the burpee showed a significant correlation to the performances achieved in the bench presses and squats r = 0.82 and 0.79. The fatigue index showed a significant correlation to the 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSR) r = −0.67. Conclusions: These findings indicate that in, our case, the results from the Burpee Movement Program are significantly associated with the participants’ strength and endurance abilities. We recommend using BMP for the development of strength–endurance abilities, but further exploration is needed regarding the potential use of BMP as a diagnostic test.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency in Kinesiology: Innovative Approaches in Enhancing Motor Skills for Athletic Performance, 3rd Edition)
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Qualitative Analysis of Micro-System-Level Factors Determining Sport Persistence
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Bence Tamás Selejó Joó, Hanna Czipa, Regina Bódi, Zsuzsa Lupócz, Rozália Paronai, Benedek Tibor Tóth, Hanna Léna Tóth, Oszkár Csaba Kocsner, Buda Lovas, Csanád Lukácsi, Mátyás Kovács and Karolina Eszter Kovács
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040196 - 18 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sport persistence is the embodiment of sports performance and mental toughness. It refers to our attempts concerning the performance plateau, failures, injuries, or even the resolution and processing of stressful situations associated with success and positive events. In our research, we
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Background/Objectives: Sport persistence is the embodiment of sports performance and mental toughness. It refers to our attempts concerning the performance plateau, failures, injuries, or even the resolution and processing of stressful situations associated with success and positive events. In our research, we used qualitative methods based on Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model to investigate the factors influencing sport persistence among high school and university athletes. Methods: The research was based on semi-structured interviews with 133 athletes. ATLAS.ti software and the grounded theory methodology were applied for data analysis. Our analysis grouped the responses according to Bronfenbrenner’s categorisation system, highlighting motivational factors at the microsystem level. Our research question was as follows: What kind of factors dominate the development of sport persistence among adolescent (high school) and young adult (university) athletes along Bronfenbrenner’s dimension of the microsystem? Results: Regarding the microsystem, family, peers, and coaches were mentioned as influential factors. Concerning the family, general, person-specific, family value-related, future-oriented, introjected, and disadvantage-compensating motivational components were identified. General, individual, community and relational factors were identified concerning peers. Concerning the coach, general, individual, community, and coach personality-driven motivational segments were detected. Conclusions: By recognising the complex interplay of systemic factors, we can design interventions targeting these factors at various socio-ecological levels, promoting youth sports and increasing physical activity among young people. These findings instil hope and motivation for the future of sports and physical activity.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health)
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Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Postural Balance and Physical Performance in Older Women: Randomized Controlled Trial
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Yeny Concha-Cisternas, José Castro-Piñero, Manuel Vásquez-Muñoz, Iván Molina-Márquez, Jaime Vásquez-Gómez and Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040195 - 14 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Aging causes morphological and physiological changes, especially in the musculoskeletal and somatosensory systems, leading to sarcopenia and reduced postural balance, increasing the risk of falls and loss of independence. This study aimed to analyze the effects of a neuromuscular training program on
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Background: Aging causes morphological and physiological changes, especially in the musculoskeletal and somatosensory systems, leading to sarcopenia and reduced postural balance, increasing the risk of falls and loss of independence. This study aimed to analyze the effects of a neuromuscular training program on postural balance, physical performance, and muscle strength in older Chilean women. Methods: The double-blind randomized controlled trial included 48 participants aged 65–80 who were divided into three groups: a control group (CG), a multicomponent training group (MCG), and a neuromuscular training group (NMG). Postural balance was assessed using a force platform with open eyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE) conditions, measuring ML velocity, AP velocity, mean radius, and area. Physical performance was evaluated with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), including static balance, 4-m walking speed, and 5× sit-to-stand chair test. Muscle strength was measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer to record maximum grip force. Results: Significant time × group interactions in the CE condition were found for mean radius (F = 0.984; p = 0.017; ηp2 = 0.184), AP velocity (F = 10.01; p = 0.001; ηp2 = 0.312), and ML velocity (F = 4.30; p = 0.027; ηp2 = 0.163). Significant pre–post differences in the NMG for mean radius (p < 0.001), AP velocity (p < 0.001), and ML velocity (p = 0.029) were observed, with no significant changes in CG. Significant time × group interactions were also found in the SPPB test score (F = 11.49; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.343), gait speed (F = 5.513; p = 0.012; ηp2 = 0.198), and sit-to-stand test (F = 5.731; p = 0.010; ηp2 = 0.206), but not in the balance score (F = 2.099; p = 0.148). Handgrip strength showed no significant interactions (F = 3.216; p = 0.061; ηp2 = 0.127). Conclusions: These findings suggest that neuromuscular training is a promising intervention to mitigate the decline in balance and physical function associated with aging, offering a targeted approach to improve the quality of life in the elderly.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Neuromuscular Control of Gait and Posture)
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Effects of Specific RAMP Protocol Phase on Change of Direction Speed of Police Students
by
Filip Kukić, Nemanja Zlojutro, Darko Paspalj, Senka Bajić, Saša Kovačević, Lazar Vulin, Nenad Rađević and Nenad Koropanovski
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040194 - 13 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: This study assessed the effects of two distinct RAMP (Raise, Activate, Mobilize, Potentiate) protocols, mobility-focused and reactiveness-focused, on change of direction speed in police students (i.e., tactical athletes). Methods: A longitudinal design with two experimental and one control group was employed. The
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Background: This study assessed the effects of two distinct RAMP (Raise, Activate, Mobilize, Potentiate) protocols, mobility-focused and reactiveness-focused, on change of direction speed in police students (i.e., tactical athletes). Methods: A longitudinal design with two experimental and one control group was employed. The study sample consisted of 39 police students (aged 19.2 ± 0.2 yrs) who were randomly allocated into three equal groups of 13 participants (7 females and 6 males). Experimental groups were labeled as the mobility group or reactiveness group based on the type of RAMP protocol they performed. During the tactical physical education classes, the mobility group performed four complex mobility exercises, while the reactiveness group performed four exercises for trunk reactiveness. After the specific warm-up, both groups continued with syllabus activities. The control group performed only regular activities based on the study syllabus. All participants performed the Illinois Agility test unloaded (IAT) and loaded (10 kg vest [IATL]) and Functional Movement Screening (FMS) before and after 8 weeks of the applied protocols. Results: In general, improvements were observed across all participants in the IAT (p < 0.001), IATL (p < 0.001), and FMS (p < 0.001). The mobility protocol had a more substantial impact compared to the reactiveness protocol on the IAT (d = 0.55 vs. d = 0.40), IATL (d = 0.44 vs. d = 0.38), and FMS (d = 0.88 vs. d = −0.42). Additionally, the control group, which did not follow either RAMP protocol, did not show significant improvements. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of incorporating targeted mobility training in the limited time available for strength and conditioning programs, as it improves occupationally relevant movement qualities such as change of direction speed ability. Prioritizing mobility training in young tactical athletes may offer broader benefits compared to reactiveness training.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tactical Athlete Health and Performance)
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Open AccessReview
Abdominal Hollowing vs. Abdominal Bracing: A Scoping Review of Clinical Trials on Effectiveness for Trunk Stability and Rehabilitation
by
Iva Golob, Manca Opara Zupančič and Žiga Kozinc
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040193 - 10 Oct 2024
Abstract
Objectives: This scoping review explores the effectiveness of abdominal hollowing (AH) and abdominal bracing (AB) techniques in enhancing trunk stability and facilitating rehabilitation, particularly for individuals with lower back pain (LBP). Methods: The review synthesizes findings from 22 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that
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Objectives: This scoping review explores the effectiveness of abdominal hollowing (AH) and abdominal bracing (AB) techniques in enhancing trunk stability and facilitating rehabilitation, particularly for individuals with lower back pain (LBP). Methods: The review synthesizes findings from 22 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed these techniques’ impacts on muscle activation, pain reduction, and functional outcomes. Results: The results demonstrate that both techniques can significantly improve trunk stability, muscle thickness, balance, and gait. However, a notable gap exists in studies directly comparing AH and AB, raising questions about whether they are equally effective. While AH is often associated with selective activation of the transversus abdominis, AB promotes a broader co-contraction of trunk muscles, contributing to robust spinal stability. Conclusions: This review underscores the need for further research to directly compare these techniques and refine their application in clinical practice. The findings suggest that personalized rehabilitation programs incorporating both AH and AB, tailored to individual patient needs and rehabilitation goals, can be effective in managing and preventing LBP.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement Analysis in Sports and Physical Therapy)
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The Influence of Home-Court Advantage in Elite Basketball: A Systematic Review
by
Ignacio Mochales Cuesta, Sergio L. Jiménez-Sáiz, Adam L. Kelly and Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040192 - 10 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: This systematic review analyzes the factors that influence home advantage in basketball across various competitions in the United States and Europe. Methods: Through an investigation of English- and Spanish-language articles published in EBSCO, Scopus, Consensus, and Web of Science between 2010 and
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Background: This systematic review analyzes the factors that influence home advantage in basketball across various competitions in the United States and Europe. Methods: Through an investigation of English- and Spanish-language articles published in EBSCO, Scopus, Consensus, and Web of Science between 2010 and 2024 related to home advantage in basketball, 1682 articles were initially identified. After applying specific filters to ensure that only articles concerning National Basketball Association (NBA), Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA), Euroleague, Spanish basketball, and European basketball were considered, 39 articles met the final requirements for in-depth analysis. Results: The studies analyzed in this review suggested that player performance, player position, and sleep influenced home advantage in competitions in Europe and the United States. Fan behavior had a bigger impact in European competitions, where teams from capital cities have a lower home advantage. In the United States, where teams must travel long distances to play, several studies indicated that teams traveling eastwards tend to perform more strongly than teams traveling westwards. Also of note is that, in many cases, COVID-19 pandemic restrictions reduced home advantage. Conclusions: This review identifies factors contributing to home advantage in basketball, compares competitions in different regions, and proposes ideas for future research such as a greater focus on women’s competitions, the impact of television, and the introduction of new performance indicators.
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(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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Athletic Identity and Sport Injury Processes and Outcomes in Young Athletes: A Supplemental Narrative Review
by
Britton W. Brewer and Hailey A. Chatterton
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(4), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9040191 - 9 Oct 2024
Abstract
Background: Identity formation, a primary developmental task of adolescence, may be particularly relevant to another commonly occurring event for young athletes—sport injury. Relationships between a subdimension of self-identity—athletic identity—and sport injury processes and outcomes have been documented in the general athlete population.
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Background: Identity formation, a primary developmental task of adolescence, may be particularly relevant to another commonly occurring event for young athletes—sport injury. Relationships between a subdimension of self-identity—athletic identity—and sport injury processes and outcomes have been documented in the general athlete population. The purpose of this supplemental narrative review is to explore the potential role of athletic identity in the risk of injury occurrence and responses to and consequences of injury among young athletes. Methods: Studies on athletic identity in relation to sport injury, with a focus on young athletes, were extracted from a recent scoping review and identified through an updated literature search from April 2020 through June 2024. A total of 23 studies were examined. Results: Across the studies reviewed, high levels of athletic identity were associated with a reluctance to report injury-related symptoms, a tendency to endorse attitudes and behaviors reflecting a willingness to play through pain and injury, intensified physical and psychological symptoms after injury, a disposition toward over-adhering to rehabilitation, high levels of postinjury coping skills, and better functional and return-to-sport outcomes after injury among young athletes. Conclusions: Athletic identity may, therefore, be a source of both strength and vulnerability in young athletes in terms of sport injury processes and outcomes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Youth and Adolescent Athlete Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation)
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