The Impact of Perception–Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.3. ReactionX System
2.4. Reaction Time Simple Upper Limb (RTsUL)
2.5. Reaction Time Simple Lower Limb (RTsLL)
2.6. Tapping Lower Limb (TLL)
2.7. Tapping Upper Limb (TUL)
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Practical Implications and Further Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Experimental Group (n = 12) | Control Group (n = 12) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 20.3 ± 1.1 | 20.4 ± 1 | 0.686 |
Height (cm) | 175.2 ± 5.1 | 176.1 ± 4.9 | 0.657 |
Body mass (kg) | 70.0 ± 7.3 | 68.7 ± 5.8 | 0.647 |
Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morning session from 9.30 to 11.00 a.m. | Physical training Motor reaction, agility, and quickness. | Physical training Strength training | Physical training Motor reaction, agility, and quickness. | Physical training Strength training | Physical training Motor reaction, agility, and quickness. | Strength training and friendly match on the sand |
Afternoon session from 7.00 to 9.00 p.m. | Technical and tactical training | Rest | Technical and tactical training | Rest | Technical and tactical training | Rest |
Test | Group | X ± SD | DX | 95% CI Lower Upper | t | p | d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RTsUL (s) pre | EG (n = 12) | 0.482 ± 0.008 | −0.002 | −0.011 0.006 | −0.59 | 0.562 | 0.18 |
CG (n = 12) | 0.484 ± 0.011 | ||||||
RTsUL (s) post | EG (n = 12) | 0.410 ± 0.019 | −0.062 | −0.077 −0.049 | −9.4 | 0.000 * | 4.77 |
CG (n = 12) | 0.472 ± 0.013 | ||||||
RTsLL(s) pre | EG (n = 12) | 0.611 ± 0.027 | −0.007 | −0.029 0.017 | −0.56 | 0.582 | 0.26 |
CG (n = 12) | 0.618 ± 0.027 | ||||||
RTsLL (s) post | EG (n = 12) | 0.520 ± 0.032 | −0.07 | −0.096 −0.043 | −5.53 | 0.000 * | 2.41 |
CG (n = 12) | 0.590 ± 0.029 | ||||||
TUL (s) pre | EG (n = 12) | 5.860 ± 0.244 | 0.059 | −0.158 0.275 | 0.56 | 0.580 | 0.22 |
CG (n = 12) | 5.801 ± 0.266 | ||||||
TUL (s) post | EG (n = 12) | 5.238 ± 0.232 | −0.432 | −0.633 −0.231 | −4.46 | 0.000 * | 1.78 |
CG (n = 12) | 5.670 ± 0.243 | ||||||
TLL (s) pre | EG (n = 12) | 9.153 ± 0.489 | 0.05 | −0.345 0.445 | 0.26 | 0.795 | 0.11 |
CG (n = 12) | 9.103 ± 0.444 | ||||||
TLL (s) post | EG (n = 12) | 8.170 ± 0.473 | −0.840 | −1.202 −0.478 | −4.81 | 0.000 * | 2.23 |
CG (n = 12) | 9.010 ± 0.376 |
Test | Group | Phase of Test | X ± SD | DX Post-Pre ± SD |
95% CI
Lower Upper | t | p | d | ip% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RTsUL (s) | EG (n = 12) | pre | 0.482 ± 0.008 | 0.072 ± 0.011 | 0.065 0.079 | 23.2 | 0.000 * | 6.7 | −14.9 |
post | 0.410 ± 0.019 | ||||||||
CG (n = 12) | pre | 0.484 ± 0.011 | −0.012 ± 0.004 | 0.009 0.015 | 9.6 | 0.000 * | 2.8 | −2.5 | |
post | 0.472 ± 0.013 | ||||||||
RTsLL (s) | EG (n = 12) | pre | 0.611 ± 0.027 | −0.091 ± 0.007 | 0.086 0.096 | 44.0 | 0.000 * | 12.7 | −14.9 |
post | 0.520 ± 0.032 | ||||||||
CG (n = 12) | pre | 0.618 ± 0.027 | −0.028 ± 0.009 | 0.022 0.033 | 11.0 | 0.000 * | 3.2 | −4.5 | |
post | 0.590 ± 0.029 | ||||||||
EG (n = 12) | pre | 5.860 ± 0.244 | −0.622 ± 0.051 | 0.589 0.654 | 42.0 | 0.000 * | 12.1 | −10.6 | |
TUL (s) | post | 5.238 ± 0.232 | |||||||
CG (n = 12) | pre | 5.801 ± 0.266 | −0.131 ± 0.073 | 0.085 0.177 | 6.2 | 0.000 * | 1.8 | −2.3 | |
post | 5.670 ± 0.243 | ||||||||
EG (n = 12) | pre | 9.153 ± 0.489 | −0.983 ± 0.079 | 0.932 1.033 | 43.1 | 0.000 * | 12.4 | −10.7 | |
TLL (s) | post | 8.170 ± 0.473 | |||||||
CG (n = 12) | pre | 9.103 ± 0.444 | −0.093 ± 0.115 | 0.019 0.166 | 2.8 | 0.018 * | 0.8 | −1.0 | |
post | 9.010 ± 0.376 |
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Mancini, N.; Di Padova, M.; Polito, R.; Mancini, S.; Dipace, A.; Basta, A.; Colella, D.; Limone, P.; Messina, G.; Monda, M.; et al. The Impact of Perception–Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Players. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030147
Mancini N, Di Padova M, Polito R, Mancini S, Dipace A, Basta A, Colella D, Limone P, Messina G, Monda M, et al. The Impact of Perception–Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Players. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2024; 9(3):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030147
Chicago/Turabian StyleMancini, Nicola, Marilena Di Padova, Rita Polito, Siria Mancini, Anna Dipace, Angelo Basta, Dario Colella, Pierpaolo Limone, Giovanni Messina, Marcellino Monda, and et al. 2024. "The Impact of Perception–Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Players" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, no. 3: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030147