Increased Salivary BDNF and Improved Fundamental Motor Skills in Children Following a 3-Month Integrated Neuromuscular Training in Primary School
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population and Ethics
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Biological Samples Collection
2.4. Anthropometric Measurements
2.5. Fundamental Motor Skills Assessment
2.6. Protein Concentration Quantification
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations and Future Research
4.2. Practical Applications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participant Characteristics at Baseline | Control Group (N = 32) | INT Group (N = 35) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 7.52 ± 0.31 | 7.56 ± 0.29 | 0.537 |
Sex (m/f) | 16/16 | 18/17 | 0.144 |
Sleep (hours/day) | 10.35 ± 2.05 | 9.62 ± 1.29 | 0.089 |
Physical activity (hours/day) | 1.45 ± 0.93 | 1.85 ± 0.78 | 0.153 |
KIDMED (score) | 6.61 ± 2.23 | 7.03 ± 2.04 | 0.448 |
Parental profession (non-degree/degree profession/NA) | 2/25/5 | 8/26/1 | 0.091 |
Body mass (kg) | 26.03 ± 3.33 | 27.32 ± 5.58 | 0.188 |
Body mass SDS | −0.28 (−0.67–0.10) | −0.23 (−0.78–0.22) | 0.135 |
Height (cm) | 126.22 ± 6.05 | 126.44 ± 5.22 | 0.862 |
Height SDS | −0.08 (−0.52–0.73) | −0.01 (−0.55–0.67) | 0.682 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.33 ± 1.44 | 16.82 ± 2.19 | 0.269 |
BMI SDS | −0.40 (−0.71–0.04) | −0.21 (−0.82–0.21) | 0.251 |
BDNF (pg/mL) | 116.58 (30.67–315.54) | 327.69 (266.17–379.70) | 0.154 |
Fundamental motor skills at baseline | |||
CAMSA time (s) | 21.22 ± 4.36 | 21.77 ± 4.47 | 0.171 |
CAMSA 2-foot jump (score) | 3.75 ± 0.57 | 3.86 ± 0.36 | 0.066 |
CAMSA sidestep (score) | 2.00 (1.00–3.75) | 1.00 (0.01–3.00) | 0.327 |
CAMSA catch (score) | 1.28 ± 0.85 | 1.00 ± 0.86 | 0.154 |
CAMSA overhand throw (score) | 2.31 ± 1.59 | 2.20 ± 1.39 | 0.748 |
CAMSA skip (score) | 2.00 (0.01–4.00) | 3.00 (1.50–4.00) | 0.142 |
CAMSA 1-foot hop (score) | 2.00 (1.25–3.00) | 2.00 (0.01–2.00) | 0.272 |
CAMSA kick (score) | 3.00 (1.00–4.00) | 2.00 (1.00–3.00) | 0.209 |
CAMSA locomotor skills (score) | 10.06 ± 3.06 | 9.88 ± 3.83 | 0.819 |
CAMSA control and manipulative skills (score) | 5.09 ± 2.90 | 4.12 ± 2.35 | 0.102 |
CAMSA total (score) | 15.16 ± 3.67 | 13.53 ± 4.53 | 0.094 |
Participant Characteristics after 3 Months | Control Group (N = 32) | INT Group (N = 35) | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body mass (kg) | 26.47 ± 3.64 | 27.44 ± 4.94 | 0.131 | 0.718 |
Body mass SDS | −0.29 (−0.64–0.16) | −0.14 (−0.58–1.20) | 0.311 | 0.579 |
Height (cm) | 127.67 ± 6.12 | 128.19 ± 5.51 | 0.308 | 0.581 |
Height SDS | 0.04 (−0.48–0.89) | 0.19 (−0.34–0.89) | 0.831 | 0.365 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.18 ± 1.44 | 16.66 ± 2.13 | 0.221 | 0.639 |
BMI SDS | −0.50 (−0.84–0.12) | −0.23 (−0.89–0.08) | 0.074 | 0.786 |
BDNF (pg/mL) | 138.38 (30.67–370.89) | 406.78 (106.63–457.40) | 8.865 | 0.004 |
Fundamental motor skills after 3 months | ||||
CAMSA time (s) | 19.87 ± 3.45 | 19.19 ± 2.53 | 2.581 | 0.114 |
CAMSA 2-foot jump (score) | 3.71 ± 0.86 | 3.82 ± 0.46 | 1.853 | 0.179 |
CAMSA sidestep (score) | 2.87 ± 1.81 | 4.45 ± 2.01 | 13.240 | 0.001 |
CAMSA catch (score) | 1.27 ± 0.73 | 1.52 ± 0.67 | 3.357 | 0.073 |
CAMSA overhand throw (score) | 2.47 ± 1.47 | 2.58 ± 1.25 | 3.283 | 0.076 |
CAMSA skip (score) | 2.93 ± 1.53 | 3.61 ± 0.84 | 3.808 | 0.056 |
CAMSA 1-foot hop (score) | 2.16 ± 1.21 | 2.70 ± 1.06 | 11.684 | 0.001 |
CAMSA kick (score) | 2.45 ± 1.45 | 2.71 ± 1.27 | 4.010 | 0.050 |
CAMSA locomotor skills (score) | 11.70 ± 3.04 | 14.58 ± 2.99 | 18.799 | <0.0001 |
CAMSA control and manipulative skills (score) | 5.33 ± 2.80 | 5.77 ± 2.44 | 8.151 | 0.006 |
CAMSA total (score) | 16.42 ± 5.02 | 18.53 ± 5.02 | 11.266 | 0.001 |
BDNF Δ % | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Group (N = 32) | INT Group (N = 35) | |||||
Beta | p-Value | Adjusted R Squared | Beta | p-Value | Adjusted R Squared | |
CAMSA time Δ % | −0.159 | 0.413 | 0.022 | 0.152 | 0.446 | −0.046 |
CAMSA 2-foot jump Δ % | −0.112 | 0.565 | 0.008 | 0.068 | 0.731 | −0.061 |
CAMSA sidestep Δ % | −0.292 | 0.203 | 0.123 | −0.154 | 0.560 | 0.046 |
CAMSA catch Δ % | −0.059 | 0.807 | 0.009 | 0.082 | 0.772 | −0.056 |
CAMSA overhand throw Δ % | 0.273 | 0.237 | 0.069 | −0.210 | 0.449 | −0.050 |
CAMSA skip Δ % | 0.065 | 0.803 | −0.043 | 0.196 | 0.379 | −0.033 |
CAMSA 1-foot hop Δ % | 0.171 | 0.426 | 0.030 | −0.054 | 0.804 | −0.045 |
CAMSA kick Δ % | 0.098 | 0.661 | −0.009 | 0.194 | 0.375 | 0.021 |
CAMSA locomotor skills Δ % | −0.213 | 0.268 | 0.044 | 0.385 | 0.039 | 0.088 |
CAMSA control and manipulative skills Δ % | −0.039 | 0.851 | −0.015 | 0.101 | 0.621 | −0.057 |
CAMSA total Δ % | −0.249 | 0.196 | 0.061 | 0.428 | 0.020 | 0.124 |
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Vasileva, F.; Font-Lladó, R.; Carreras-Badosa, G.; López-Ros, V.; Ferrusola-Pastrana, A.; López-Bermejo, A.; Prats-Puig, A. Increased Salivary BDNF and Improved Fundamental Motor Skills in Children Following a 3-Month Integrated Neuromuscular Training in Primary School. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030154
Vasileva F, Font-Lladó R, Carreras-Badosa G, López-Ros V, Ferrusola-Pastrana A, López-Bermejo A, Prats-Puig A. Increased Salivary BDNF and Improved Fundamental Motor Skills in Children Following a 3-Month Integrated Neuromuscular Training in Primary School. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2024; 9(3):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030154
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasileva, Fidanka, Raquel Font-Lladó, Gemma Carreras-Badosa, Víctor López-Ros, Anna Ferrusola-Pastrana, Abel López-Bermejo, and Anna Prats-Puig. 2024. "Increased Salivary BDNF and Improved Fundamental Motor Skills in Children Following a 3-Month Integrated Neuromuscular Training in Primary School" Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 9, no. 3: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030154