Women’s Entrepreneurship: Selected Aspects ^†

Abstract

In a situation where only one in three companies in the world is founded and run by women, there is a need to look for determinants, as well as for ways of solving specific problems. The aim of the article is to define the characteristics of female entrepreneurship and its role in creating and developing enterprises, in juxtaposition with male entrepreneurship. The article presents the results of the authors’ own research on selected problems of female entrepreneurship in Poland. They are based on surveys conducted among 200 people: female and male university students and identify the main problems of female entrepreneurship.

1. Introduction

Entrepreneurship significantly contributes to the creation of the macroeconomic values (see: [1] (pp. 259–275). While research on entrepreneurship has quite a long tradition, research into female entrepreneurship is a relatively recent phenomenon [2] (pp. 217–226). Therefore the question posed by E. Loza continues to resound today: Why do we never hear of a self-made woman [3] (pp. 26–64). H. Ahl has pointed to the need to revise the approaches to female entrepreneurship [4] (pp. 595–621).

The literature points out the “country effect” [5] (pp. 325–341); [6] (pp. 70–97) and the “gender effect”: women’s businesses are smaller, focus more on the services sector, and grow slower [7] (pp. 1–10); [8,9]. The research of female entrepreneurship will identify the barriers of women’s businesses [10] (pp.151–174); [11] (pp. 367–383) and is abundant in a variety of factors, such as the ethnic aspect [12] (pp. 192–208), or the problem of discrimination of women as regards access to bank credit [13] (also: [14] (pp. 2968–2984); [15] (pp. 930–943).

2. Research Procedure and Methods

The research was conducted among 200 women and men at the end of 2016 to determine their entrepreneurial attitudes and the main barriers to the development of their businesses.

3. Research Objectives

The aim of the study was to define the features of female entrepreneurship and its role in the establishment and development of enterprises, as compared to male entrepreneurship.

4. Methodology and Data

The presented results of empirical research were derived from surveys conducted among 200 people: female (61%) and male (37%) university students (2%: no answer). The research focused on perception of barriers of entrepreneurship. The main trends observed in Poland, with particular emphasis on the entrepreneurial attitudes of women, were presented through figures and tables.

5. Key Findings

National economies have seen in recent decades a growing trend in women’s entrepreneurship (see also: [16] (pp. 204–214). Similar tendencies are observed in Poland: 29% of women do not consider starting a business and this attitude differs significantly in comparison with men. Similarly, twice as many women remain undecided about their plans in this regard (Figure 1).

The reasons for women’s entrepreneurship should be seen in the perception of barriers. According to the data women perceive them twice as intensely as men (Figure 2). The phenomenon of female entrepreneurship remains in a crucial relationship to the approach to resolving the conflict between entrepreneurial activity, on the one hand, and motherhood, on the other hand. It seems that in Poland this conflict is not significant: according to the results of the as many as 64.5% of women still want to continue to work for themselves, or slightly reduce its intensity (36.3%). Only 0.8% of women anticipate shutting down the business for his reason, and 24.2% want to take maternity leave (

Table 1. Entrepreneurial activity and motherhood in the opinion of women.

Female Entrepreneurship and Motherhood:	Opinion
	Number	Structure
I will limit my work/running my business	45	36.3
I will continue to work/run my business	35	28.2
I will go on a leave	30	24.2
I don’t know yet	13	10.5
I will shut down my business	1	0.8
I will suspend my business	-	-
Total	124	100.0

Source: Own research.

). For comparison, in Germany, having children slightly limits female entrepreneurship [17], [18] (pp. 36–50); [19] (pp. 350–368).

The decision to set up and run an enterprise requires the adequate knowledge. Due to the fact that the surveyed women and men indicated the financial barrier, the authors decided to check whether, and to what extent, they are familiar with the major websites containing relevant information on access to the money and capital markets. Generally, women sought information about the possibilities of financing their enterprises two, or even three, times more often than men (Figure 3).

As regards the sources of financing of newly established enterprises, the main contribution in the case of both women and men were their own savings, with 29.5% of women availing of this resource (which is 8 pp more than men), EU funds (21% of women and 14% of men). (Figure 4). Venture capital and start-up financing play an even smaller role in the creation of enterprises, (see also: [20] (pp. 91–122. The literature on the subject points out that the supply of bank loans for women running a business discriminates them on the grounds of sex, price and ethnic [12]—women are extended loans on worse conditions: they are given higher interest rates and are asked to present higher guarantees [10] (pp. 151–174), [13,15]; [14] (pp. 2968–2984). Women also have hampered access—for various reasons—to other sources of funding [21] (pp. 503–521).

6. Discussion and Conclusions

The evolution of the position of women, both in the family and in society, naturally creates the need for research into how female entrepreneurship is initiated and developed. This need is all the more justified as every year a significant number of women across many countries obtain university diplomas in various fields and feel increasingly stronger about self-fulfilment. The results of the authors’ research identify the main problems of female entrepreneurship, the degree of their readiness (compared to men) to set up their own business, the awareness of the factors that influence this process, including the conflict between business and motherhood, and the methods of solving it. Research on female entrepreneurship points to many further issues to be resolved.